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antes ; F R N z X| iG) ae ; y 7 l: enti ORooker sulr What 'iNVCATURE paring gives, or half dentes, - 7 ~’ e Pa C x 7 Seelhialthfull IND US TR Fat large Japplies , . MPN Fy poet
Sen BRITAN N TAS Lap profusely pours, j = an ENNA naa ‘ } While heaven-born SE TENC FE fwells th mreding Stores. 4
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E cce'ferupt Pueri Calathis Tibi Lilia plenis. VIRG.
THE EKAA
GARDENERS DICTIONARY: 4 b core fay, = Jb: CONTAINING SU IED) The Best and Newest METHODS
CULTIVATING and IMPROVING
THE
Kitchen, Fruit, Flower Garden, and Nurfery;5
As alfo for Performing the
Practical Parts f AGRICULTURE:
INCLUDING
The MANAGEMENT of VINEYARDS, WITH THE Methods of MAKING and PRESERVING WINE, According to the prefent Prattice of The moft fkilful Vignerons in the feveral Wine Countries in Europe.
TOGETHER WITH
DIRECTIONS for PROPAGATING and IMPROVING,
From REAL Practice and EXPERIENCE,
ALL. SORTS OF TTMBES CREES
THE Eo! G Het? Beep. Foret ON, Revifed and Altered according to the latet Sysrem of BOTANY; and
Embellithed with feveral CoppeR-PLaTeEsS, which were not in fome former Editions.
Br PHIDLEP’ MI UL:L Eee
Gardener to the Worfhipful Company of Arporuecaries, at their Botanic Garden in Chelfea, and Member of the Botanic Academy at Florence.
a Digna manet divini gloria ruris. Vireo. Georg.
LONDON:
Printed for the AUTHOR;
And Sold by Joun and Francis Rivincron, at No. 62, St. Pauls Church-yard; A MILLAR, . J. Wuisron, W. Srrauan, J. Hinton, R. Batpwin, B. Wuire, L. Hawes and W. CLARKE and R.Cottins, W. Jounston, T. Caston, S. CROWDER, T. LONGMAN, B. Law, C. Rivincton, J. Dopstey, W. Grirrin, T. Cave ct, T. LowNDES, S. BLapon, G. Rogınson and J. RogerTs, and T. PAYNE.
M. DCC, LXVIII.
Mo. Bot.Garden 1908
SA Miller env: et fecit gir aa x =
To the Moft Noble H U G H, Duke and Earl of NORTHUMBERLAND, Earr P ERC Y Baron WARKWORTH of Warkworth Caftle,
Lord Lieutenant and Cuftos Rotulorum of the Counties of
MIDDLESEX and NORTHUMBERLAND,
Of the City and Liberty of WESTMINSTER, And of the Town and County of. NEWCASTL E upon TYNE, Vice ADMIRAL of al AMERICA, And of the County of NORTHUMBERLAND, One of his MA JEST Y’s Moft Honourable Privy Council, Knight of the Moft Noble Order of the GAR TER,
And Fellow of th ROYAL SOCIETY.
MAY IT PLEASE YOUR GRACE,
S LEANTA ryg% OUR Grace’s kind Acceptance of two former RR at vs Editions of this Work, has emboldened me to iA SA Y a A] lay this at Your Grace’s Feet, as a public Ac- exe Ge ) knowledgment of the many ufeful Obfervations REE De and Inftruddions, which Your Grace has gt feveral
Aare NORIA Times communicated to me. for its Improvement. I have been fo happy as to employ them in fuch manner, as to merit Your Grace’s Approbation, I fhall-have lefs Reafon to doubt that of the Public ; fince the’moft fkilful Perfons in this ufeful Branch of Science, pay the higheft Regard to Your Grace’s Judgment.
(fe KAY
The many Improvements which Your Grace is annually making fo happily upon Your various Eftates, fufficiently demonftrate Your Grace’s fuperior Judgment; but more particularly in a Country almoft deftitute of Timber: Where, if Your Grace continues planting, fo ardently as for feveral Years paft, the whole Face of the Country will be much altered for the better, and Your Grace’s Eftate thereby greatly improved. -
That Your Grace may long live to continue thefe Improvements, and to be an Example to others, is the fincere With of
Your GRACE’S
Moft obedient humble Servant,
CHELSEA, March 1, 1768.
Philip Miller.
PR EF ACE
T HE GARDENERS DıcT1roNAaRY having already gone through feveral editions, it may reafonably be fuppofed, the public are well acquainted with the nature of it, which renders it lefs neceffary to enlarge on that fubject. The author therefore thinks himfelf obliged to return his thanks for the kind reception his work has met with.
But as there may be fome, who may think that the republifhing it is doing them an injury, efpecially thofe who have purchafed a former edition, it may not be amifs to make fome apology for this.
v
When the firft edition was publifhed, gardening was then much lefs known than at prefent; and therefore, as the knowledge of the art increafed, it became more neceflary to enlarge on the fubject, by adding the new improvements to the former, without which it would have been deem- ed imperfect : for as the author’s fituation in life rendered him capable of being well informed of the progrefs made in the art, by his great correfpondence both at home and abroad, he thought it would not be unpleafing to communicate thofe improvements to the public: in doing which, he has been careful not to publifh any thing imparted to him, until he was fully fatisfied of the facts by experiments,
Others have fuggefted, that printing the improvements feparately would give ample fatisfaction in this point; but the author had made trial of former purchafers fome years paft, by publifhing feveral fheets of new articles, by way of Supplement, for which there was fcarce any demand ; {fo that the few which were fold, would not defray the expence of paper and printing.
As the number of plants now cultivated in England, are more than double thofe which were here when the firft edition of this book was publifhed, the mentioning of them, together with their culture, could not well be avoided in a work of this nature, therefore the author hopes his care in
inferting them will not be cenfured.
From the title of this book it may feem to be only a Diétionary on the art of gardening, but all the branches of agriculture are included in it, ina more complete manner than can be found in any other book extant, though written wholly on the fame fubject. Nor are the inftructions here given for performing the work in every part taken up haftily, or upon flight experiment ; but moft of them are the refult of more than twenty years practice in different parts of England, where the author has been permitted to fuperintend and direct the whole: therefore he can affure the public he has been very cautious in recommending any thing, which he is not thoroughly con- vinced to be true.
It is amazing to fee, in moft of the books which have been publifhed concerning hufbandry, that fcarce any of the compilers have taken the leaft notice of the common practice of fowing eight times the quantity of Corn upon land that is neceflary, to the great expence and detriment of the farmers, who are fo wedded to their old cuftoms, as not to bé convinced of the error: for fo obftinate are they in this matter, that unlefs the whole ground be covered with the blades of Corn by the fpring, they judge it not worth ftanding, and in confequence thereof frequently plough up their Wheat and winter Corn, to fow the land with Barley, or other Lent Corn; whereas, if the former had been left ftanding, it would have produced a better crop than any land can do where the blades are very thick, as the author has frequently obferved. 1 have mentioned this to feveral far- mers, but the anfwer has conftantly been, that on rich ground a thin crop of roots will often pro- duce a large crop of Corn, but on poor land it will not pay coft, which is a very great abfurdity ; for how is it poflible, that bad land can fupply proper nourifhment to a greater number of roots than better ground ? and where this pra¢tice is obferved, feldom more than three or four bufhels are reaped from one fown; whereas, where the fame quantity is fown upon the fame, or a like foil, and has room to grow, the produce will be at leaft fix or feven bufhels. Yet I have feen growing
upon land not very good, and uncultivated, for more than twenty years, which and was fown with a W heat
r”
P R E FACERE
Wheat in drills, where three gallons of feed were allowed to an acre, a produce of nine quarters per acre; now this is no more than an eighth part of the feed ufually fown by farmers, who {el- dom reap more than one-third of this produce; by which it appears plainly, that in the common method of hufbandry, there is at leaft eight times the quantity of feed fown upon the land that is neceflary. How great a faving this would be in a whole country, I leave every one to judge, efpe- cially in fcarce years, when Corn is dear ; and what an expence is occafioned by the contrary prac- tice to the farmers, who notwithftanding feem unwilling to alter their ancient cuftoms. Thefe matters are treated of under the articles Avena, Horprum, Secate, and TRITICUM.
Nor are the common farmers better managers of their pafture lands; for on them they feldom
~ are at the trouble of rooting up bad weeds, which frequently over-run them; thefe are often permit-
ted to fcatter their feeds, by which the land is ftocked with a fupply of weeds for feven years or more, tho’ the utmoft care be taken afterward to deftroy them: but tho’ there are fome farmers who may be fuppofed more careful in this refpect, yet thefe leave in their head lands, and on their banks, hedge- rows, and the fides of ditches, a fufficient number of weeds to ftock their fields when the feeds are permitted to fcatter : befide, thefe paftures have rarely a fufficient quantity of manure allowed them, efpecially where there is much arable land; nor is the drefling laid on at a proper feafon; the general rule with moft of the farmers being to carry and {pread the dung upon their paftures, foon after the crop of hay is taken off the ground; and as this is done in fummer, the heat of the fun draws all the moifture from it, whereby the greater part of its goodnefs is evaporated and loft. But as thefe points are more fully treated of in the body. of this work, the author defires the reader to refer to them. i
On the article of Tımser perhaps many may fuppofe, the author has been too diffufe in his in- ftructions; but if thofe who are of that opinion will only confider, how ‘material an article this is to the welfare of this country, he flatters himfelf they will change their fentiments, efpecially when they reflect upon the great wafte that has been made of it for many years paft ; as alfo that the perfons now employed by the government to cultivate and improve it, deriving their own profits from the wafte of timber, feem to think, that as their predeceffors have long practifed it; they have a right to do the fame; this is now carried to fo great an extravagance,’ that unlefs a fpeedy {top be put to it, the government will be greatly diftrefled for their marine. For although this practice’ began in the Royal Forefts, &c. yet feveral of the nobility and gentry, who had very great quantities of tim- ber growing upon their eftates, have deftroyed aconfiderable part of theirs alfo ; therefore, from a due regard for the public, the author has treated of the beft methods for propagating and preferving timber, which he hopes may not be difpleafing to the generality of his readers.
The feveral plants here propofed for trial in the Britifh dominioris in America, are fuch as there is reafon to believe will fucceed in thofe parts where the experiments are defired to be made, and confined to fuch only, as may be of utility to the public, and real advantage to the inha- bitants of thofe countries : ‘furthermore, thefe experiments are propofed to be tried upon plants which - will not fucceed well in England, fo as to render their culture practicable, and therefore will not in- terfere with the growth or trade of this country, and the confumption of which is very great here, ma- ny of them being of very confiderable ufe in our manufactures, which cannot be carried on without them; as namely the Safflower, Indigo, and feveral other forts ufed in dyeing, none of which will thrive in this country to advantage, with many medicinal drugs, which, if introduced into the iflands of Ame- rica, will certainly thrive there as well as in their native foils. Coffee and Chocolate grow equally well there; but the former being gathered before it is: ripe, ill dried, and brought over to England in fhips freighted with rum and fugars, the effluvia of thefe commodities are imbibed by the Coffee, whereby it is rendered lefs valuable: as to the latter, it was formerly cultivated by the Spaniards in the ifland of Jamaica, when they were in poffeffion of it, fo as to furnifh the inhabitants with a quan- tity fufficient for their own confumption ; whereas the Englifh inhabitants now refident there, pur- chafe it of the Spaniards : thefe articles therefore require the public attention, for if the above commo- dities may be eafily produced in the Britifh colonies in America, they will not only fupply us with fuch as are genuine, ‘but alfo turn the balance of trade, greatly to the advantage both of Great-Britain and her colonies.
It is alfo a great negle€t of the inhabitants of the fugar iflands in America, to commit the care of their plantations to overfeers, who at beft go on in their ufual courfe, planting eight or ten fugar canes in each hill, fo that if five or fix of them grow, they will be fo clofe as to {poil each other ; for whenever thefe plants are ftinted in their growth, they are foon attacked by vermin, which fpread and multiply fo greatly, as frequently to deftroy the whole crop, or at leaft very much to damage it ; and this they lay upon inclement feafons, calling ita blight, whereas it proceeds from their, own covetous cuftom. A gentleman of learning, who had aconfiderable eftate in Jamaica, which was
bequeathed to him upon his arrival there, was determined to make trial of the horfe-hoeing hufbandry
among
P R E F A CE,
among his canes. Accordingly he fet out one acre of land in the middle of a large piece, which he caufed to be planted with canes at five feet diftance, putting but one to each hill; thefe grew te a very large fize, and when ripe were cut, as alfo an acre from the beft part of the piece in which the others were planted : each of them then were boiled feparately to examine their produce, which was nearly equal in the weight of fagar; but where the plants grew fingle, the juice was boiled with a ninth part of the fuel which the other required, and he fold the fugar for fix fillings per hundred weight more than he could get for the former. This fhews what advantages may be ex- pected, if the pofleffors of lands were careful to make trials.
The alterations made in the catalogues of trees and plants which are added at the end of the book, have been done to prevent {welling the work to too great a fize, therefore their f{pecific differences are not inferted at full length ; but as their generical titles are mentioned, and the figures to each fpecies denote them according to their refpective fpecies referred to in the body of the book, the reader is defired to turn to the feveral genera, where under each article, their fpecies with their refpective titles are inferted at length, as alfo their culture and natural places of growth., The ufe of thefe ca- talogues, efpecially to fuch as are not acquainted with the art of gardening, but particularly to thofe who fet up for defigners of gardens, may be of great fervice; for if this part of planting were duly attended to, there would not be fo many abfurdities committed, as are now to be found in moft of thefe defigns, where we often fee fome of the fmalleft growing fhrubs placed, where the largeft trees fhould have been planted.
In the whole of this performance, the author has principally aimed at rendering the inftructions given, as clear and intelligible as poffible to the practitioners, as well as to thofe who are lefs acquainted with the art; in every particular he has obferved all poffible regard to truth; not having advanced any thing as fuch, but what he has been fully convinced of by his own experience : he hopes therefore for indulgence from the public, for any imperfe@ions or omiffions which may appear in the book, fince in a work of {fo greatextent, it cannot be expected to be abfolutely perfect, though it is humbly hoped there will not be found in it many faults.
Some. errors of the prefs have accidentally crept in, occafioned by the author’s other neceflary avocations, which frequently called him into the country during the time it was printing; but as moft of thefe are corrected, and are not befides of themfelves of great importance, he hopes the can- did reader will pardon them.
The Gardeners Kalendar, inferted in moft of the former editions, is in this omitted, many edi- tions of that piece having been printed in o¢tavo; it is prefumed therefore that few perfons who have any inclination for the innocent diverfion of gardening, arè without it; and as the adding any thing to this work would have {welled it greatly, which the author withes he could have ftill further fhortened ; and moreover it having been obferved to him, by many of his friends, that few per- fons would chufe to turn over fo large a volume, to find in it the articles they may have in a porta- ble one, the omiffion of the Kalendar was thought more advifeable. |
In the laft edition of this work, the author adopted in a great meafure the fyftem of Linnzus, which was the prevailing method of ranging plants then in ufe among botanifts; but as many of the plants which were treated of in the Gardeners Dictionary, were not to be found in any of Linnzus’s works then publifhed, Tournefort’s fyftem was alfo applied to take in fuch as were not fully known to Dr. Linnzus ; but fince that time the learned profeffor having made great additions to his works, and thofe additions being generally confulted for the names of plants, the author has now applicd Linneus’s method entirely, except in fuch particulars, where the Doctor not having had an oppor- tunity of feeing the plants growing, they are ranged by him in wrong clafles ; as for inftance, the Ilex or Agrifolium is ranged in his fourth clafs, with thofe plants whofe flowers have four ftamina or male organs, and four ftigmas or female parts of generation ; whereas thofe plants have male flowers upon fome, and female upon other plants. The Laurus Linnzus has placed in his ninth clafs, with thofe plants whofe flowers have nine ftamina or male organs of generation, and one female part; but thefe plants fhould alfo be ranged in his twenty-fecond clafs, for all the fpecies of this genus have male and female flowers on different plants. Thefe, with fome other alterations from Linnzus’s fyftem, have been made in this edition, where the author has given his reafons for fo doing, which he hopes will be ap- proved by the public.
Many plants are likewife omitted in this edition, feveral of them natives of England, but rarely cultivated in our gardens; as alfo many varieties accidentally arifing from feeds, as are moft of thofe with double flowers, which, if enumerated, would have {welled the book to an immoderate fize ; however, moft of thefe varieties are cafually mentioned, to inform the reader of their refpective difference, which the author hopes will be deemed fufficient But as the variety of fruits, as well as of efcu-
lent
P R E E A C E
lent plants, have been moft`of them, at leaft the fine forts, greatly improved by culture, they are fully treated of under their proper genera,
On this article a long feries of obfervations has been made by the author, who for near fifty years has applied himfelf clofely to this fubject ; for as many former botanifts have enumerated a great number of varieties as fo: many fpecies, the ftudy of botany was thereby rendered greatly perplexed; fome of the modern writers on this fubject, by going into the contrary extreme, have abridged the fpecies almoft as much. Indeed it muft be allowed, that afcertaining the real {pecific difference of plants, would be of great fervice to the fcience of botany ; but this cannot be done otherwife, than from many years experience in their culture, efpecially by obferving the varieties which arife from the fame feeds, as alfo the difference produced by different foils and fituations, which is frequently fo great as to perplex very good judges in this matter. There are likewife many other varieties which have arifen from feeds, faved from plants, and grown near others of a’ different fpecies, by which means they have partaken of both ; but thefe hybridine plants rarely producing any feeds afterward, the alteration goes no farther,
AN
Tuler, deln ce Sep.
A
E X PLA NA TIO
N
N
OF THE
TECHNICAL TE
RMS of BOTANY
Mentioned in this
W O
ROOT, Radix, is that part of a plant; by which it naturally receives its nourifhment. There are feveral forts of thefe, as A fibrous Root, Radix fibrofa, is that which confifts only of fibres. See plate 1. figs 3:
A tuberous Root, Radix tuberofa, is that which confifts ofan uniform flefhy fubftance, and is of a roundifh figure. See plate 1. fig. 1, 2. where it is cut ho- rizontally through the middle.
A bulbous Root, Radix bulbofa, is that which confifts of feveral coats involving one another, as is fhewn plate 1. fig. 4, 5. or of feveral fcales lying over one another, asin plate 1. fig. 6. The firft of thefe is called a tunicated Root, the laft a {quamous Root.
A granulous Root, Radix granulofa, is a kind of gru- mous root, with {mall knobs refembling fo many erains of Corn. See plate 1. fig. 7.
A tefticulated Root, Radix tefticulata, is a double tuber- ous root, confifting of two flefhy knobs refembling a pair of tefticles. See plate 1. fig. 8.
An afphodel Root, Radix afphodeli, is a kind of gru- mous root, whofe flefhy fibres fwell into large knobs toward the bottom, refembling the dugs of animals. See plate 1. fig. 9. i
A grumous root, Radix grumofa, is one which is com- pofed of feveral flefhy knobs ending in fibres. See
late 1. fig. 10.
A Stalk, Caulis, is a part of a plant, receiving the nourifhment from the root, and diftributing it into the other parts with which it is cloathed, not havin one fide diftinguifhable from the other. The ftalk of a tree is called the trunk or ftem, i. e. Caudex.
A Branch, Ramus, is the divifion of a ftalk. In trees it is generally called a bough.
A Pedicle, Pediculus, is that part of a ftalk, which im- mediately fuftains a leaf, a flower, or a fruit. Dr. Linnzus has diftinguifhed thefe. Thofe which fuf- tain the leaves he calls Petiolus, and thofe which fuf- tain the fruit, Pedunculus. .
A Spike, Spica, is a part of a ftalk thick fet with flowers or fruits, in fuch a manner as to form an acute cone. See plate 1. fig. 12.
A Thyrfe, fee Thyrfus, differs from a fpike in that the flowers or fruits are fet more loofely on it, fo that there are {paces vifible between them.
A Panicle, Panicula, is a ftalk diffufed into feveral pe- dicles fuftaining the flowers or fruits. See Plate 1. fig. 11.
An “Umbel, Umbella, is the extremity of a ftalk or branch, divided into feveral pedicles or rays, begin- ning from the fame point, and opening in fuch a man- ner as to form an inverted cone. See plate 1. fig. 13. When the pedicles (a), into which the ftalk is di- vided, are fubdivided into others of the fame form, upon which the flowers or fruits are difpofed (2). The
R K.
firft order (a) is called rays, the fecond (4) Pedicles: That umbel which con{ifts of one pedicle only is called a fimple umbel. See fig. 15. plate 1. That which is compofed both of rays and pedicles, is called a compound umbel, as fig. 13.
A Corymbus differs from an umbel, in that the rays or pedicles are difpofed in fuch a manner, as to forma {phere. See plate 1. fig. 14.
A twining ftalk, caulis volubilis, is one which twifts about any prop or tree without the help of tendrils.
A climbing Stalk, Caulis (candens, is that which faftens itfelf to any prop or neighbouring fupport by the help of tendrils. .
A creeping Stalk, Caulis repens, is that which lies on the ground, and propagates itfelf by emitting roots at the joints:
A trailing, or procumbent ftaik, Caulis procumbens, is that which lies on the ground unlefs it is fupported, but does not emit roots.
A Tendril, Capreolus or Clavicula, iš a part of a ftalk, or
rather a branch from the fide of a ftalk, placed oppo- fite to the leaf, which curls and lays hold on any adja- cent body, and thereby fupports the ftalk, as in the Vine, &c.
A Fruit, Fraédus, is that part of a plant which contains the feed with its covering. Of this there are many different forms.
A Cone, Conus, is a dry feed-veffel, confifting of feve-
ral ligneous parts, adhering clofely together, and fe- parating when ripe. Of this there are feveral forts which differ in their form and texture, as in plate 2. fig. 1. isa cone of the Pineafter, whofe ligneous fcales end in fharp protuberances, which open by thé warmth of the fun in the fpring, and eafily emit the feeds. Fig. 2. plate 2. fhews the cone of the Cedar of Liba- nus, whofe fcales are fmooth, lying-clofe over each other, and drop off, leaving the middle column on the branches. Fig. 3. plate 2. exhibits acone of the Fir: tree, whofe fcales are fmooth, and the form oblong. -Fig. 4, 5. plate 2. fhews the cone of the Cyprefs, which is of an irregular fpherical form, and the {cales feparate, emitting the feeds from between them. Fig. 6. plate 2. reprefents the cone of the Pine-tree, whofe fcales terminate in blunt protuberances.
Dry Seed-veffels, according to the, number of cells into which they are divided, are called Unicapfular, Bi- capfular, Quinquecapfular, &c. See plate 2. fig. 8, 9.
An Apple, Pomum, is generally underftood to be a fiefhy fruit inclofing feveral hard feeds in the center; but it is very difficult to know what the ancients meant by the title Pomum, for this title is frequently ufed in their writings to exprefs things of different forms, therefore this epithet fhould be only applied to thofe fruits which are umbilicated, and contain many feeds. See fig. 11, 12. plate 2.
Acina
An EXPLANATION of the Technical Terms of BoTANY.
Acini is by fome fuppofed to be the berries of Grapes and Currants, but is ufed in a more .extenfive fenfe by moft of the writers on botany, who ftile the {mall protuberances of Mulberries, Strawberries, &c. fig. 7. plate 2. Acini. ;
A Clufter, Racemus, is a {talk divided or branched into feveral pedicles, fuftaining the flowers or fruits thick fet together inan oblong form. See fig. 12. plate 2. The firlt of thefe conditions diftinguifhes it from a fpike, the laft from a panicle.
A Pod, Siliqus, is a long membranaceous feed-veffel, either flat or round, containing one or two rows of feeds. See fig. 13, 14. plate 2. Some of thefe are jointed, each of the fwellings containing one feed, as is fhewn, fig..15. plate 2.
The Seeds of Corn and Grafs are called Grains, Grana. The leaf which covers the grain is called. Chaff, Gluma, fig. 16. plate 2. a The Beard, Arifta.. bis a fmall needle proceeding from the chaff. The chaff which has no beard is called naked.
A Plum, Prunum, is a flefhy veffel inclofing a hard brittle fhell, in which is one or two feeds.
A’Nut, Nux, isa feed covered with a hard, dry, brittle fhell. -
A Flower, Flos, is the organs of generation of both
_fexes, adhering toa common placenta, together with their common coverings, or of either fex feparately, ‘with its proper coverings, if it have any.
Flowers are. either male, female, or hermaphrodite. The male flowers have ftamina and fummits, but have no ovary or ftyle. Female flowers have an ovary and {tyle, but have no ftamina or fummirs. Hermaphro-
. dite flowers have both organs of generation.
The Ovary, Ovarium, or Germen, according to Linnzus, is the rudiment of the fruit. See a, fig..13. plate 3. and fois properly the female organ of generation.
The Style, Stylus, is a body accompanying the ovary, either arifing from the top'of it. See $ fig. 13. plate 3. or ftanding as an axis in the middle with the em- bryos of the feeds round it, fig. 12. plate 3. and c is the ftigma.
The Empalement, Calyx, is generally underftood. to
- mean, thofe lefs tender leaves, which cover the other parts of the flower. according to Mr. Ray, are of an herbaceous colour.
The Petals, Petala, are thofe tender fine-coloured
- leaves, which are the moft confpicuous parts of a flower.. See fig. 11. b, plate 3.
The Stamina or Filaments, according to Linnzus, which fome call Chives, are thofe flender threads which
- generally furround the ftyle. See c, fig. 11. plate 3.
The Summits, or Apices, which Linnzus calls Autbera, are thofe bodies which contain the farina foecundans, or prolific powder, analagous to the male fperm in animals; thefe generally terminate the fummits, See
dy fig. rr. plate 3. i
Flowers, according to the number of their petals, are called monopetalous, ‘dipetalous, tripetalous, tetra- petalous, &c. -: ` ,
A regular monopetalous flower is that in which the pe-
- tal is not at all divided. See fig. 1. plate 3. or if di- vided, the fegments are equal, as in fig. 2. plate 3.
An irregular monopetalous flower, is that’ in which the parts of the petal are unequal, as in fig. 3. plate 3. thefe Dr. Linnaeus calls ringent flowers. Mr. Ray, Tournefort, and others, call all thofe monopetalous
flowers, whofe petals are connected at their bafe, and | fall off without feparating; but Dr. Linnzus: calls |
them tetrapetalous or pentapetalous, when the petal is divided into fo many parts near the bottom,
See fig. 11. a, plate 3. Thefe, |
A regular polypetalous flower, is when the petals are equal in fize, and agree in pofition, as in fig. 3. plate 3.
An irregular polypetalous flower is when the petals do not agree together in figure and pofition. See fig. 9, 10. plate 3. ,
A labiated, or Lip-flower, Flos labiatus, is an irregu- lar monopetalous flower, divided ufually into two lips, asin fig. 6. plate 3. The upper lip 4, is called the Creft, Galea, and the under one J, the Beard, Barba. Sometimes the creft is wanting, as in fig. 4. plate 3. and then the ftyle and ftamina fupply its place.: This is by fome called an unilabiated flower.
A papilionaceous Flower, Flos papilionaceus, in fome mea- fure refembles a butterfly with its wings extended. See fig. 5, 7. plate 3. It always confifts of thefe four parts: the ftandard, Vexillum, a, which is a large feg- ment or petal ; the two Wings, Ææ, b, which compote the fides ; and the Keel, Carina, c, which is a concave petal or fegment, refembling the lower part of a boat ; the keel is fometimes of one petal or fegment and en- tire; fometimes it confifts of two petals or fegments adhering pretty clofely together.
A Floret, Flofculos, is a little tube expanded at the top, ufually into five fegments, See fig. 17, 20. plate 3. and fitting upon the embryo of a fingle feeda, from the inner part of the floret arife five {tamina 4, which uniting together forma fheath ¢; from the embryo of the feed a, arifes a ftyle d, which paffes through the fheath c, to which it is connected, and is terminated by a bifid ftigma which is generally reflexed, e. Thefe are hermaphrodite.
A Semifloret, Semiflofculus, is tubulous at the bafe, and afterwards expanded in form of a tongue. See fig. 18. plate 3. Thefe generally form the rays of compound flowers, and are female. . .
A compound Flower, Flos compojitus, is that which is compofed either of florets, fig. 19. plate 3. or femi- florets, fig. 15. plate 3. or both together, fig. 16. and fig. 20.
A Difk, Difcus, is an aggregate of florets forming, as it were, a plain furface, as in fig. 19. plate 3. Such flowers are called difcous flowers.
A Ray, Radius, is feveral femiflorets fet round a difk. See fig. 16. a, plate 3. in form of a radiant ftar. Such flowers are called radiated difcous flowers ; thofe which have no fuch ray, are called naked difcous, as fig. 19. plate 3. i
A headed flower, Flos capitatus, is that which is com- pofed of florets and femiforets collected into a round- ilh head, and are all inclofed in one common fcaly empalement, asin fig. 14, plate 3.
A whorled Flower, Flos verticillatus, is when the flowers are colleéted in whorls round the ftalks at the bafe of the leaves, as in fig. 20. plate 3.
A Mofs Flower, which rifes on a flender foot-ftalk from the plant, fig. 27. plate 3. with the head (or Capitu- lum), fig. 28. and the cover (or Calyptra) which opens and falls off when the feeds are ripe.
A Cone cut through the middle longitudinally to repre- fent how the feeds are lodged between the fcales. See fig. 22. plate 3.
Fig. 24, plate 3. ews the parts of a flower, a is the empalement, J the germen, c the flyle, d the ftigma, e the ftamina, f the fummit, and g the fame entire.
Fig. 21. plate 3. fhews a flower with feveral nectari- ums which fit clofe to the germen a.
Fig. 25. a fhews a germen; $ a ftyle, and ca ftigma.
Fig. 26. fhews a grain of farina foecundans magnified,
PLATE
y N , I E o 7 dy ( afjilanaton of SIULI,
AN
P E N
\
S
Mller del er Se:
Plate a a
Sale 4.
oy? , 2 2 (p i ype e Jtyuetures of the Sertal parts of plants.
Miller delin et Scudp.
P LATE
which explain the Syftem of Dr. Linneus, who claffes the plants | ` bythe number of flamina in their flowers,
Contains the figures
IG. 1. fhews a flower with one ftamina and one ftyle, which he titles Monandria Monogyma,
Fig 2. fhews a flower with two ftamina and one ftyle, which he titles Diandria Monogynia.
Fig. 3. fhews a flower with three ftamina and one ftyle, which he titles Triandria Monogynia.
Fig. 4. fhews a flower with four {tamina and one ftyle, which he titles Tetrandia Monogynia. Fig. 5. fhews a flower with five {tamina and one ftyle,
whice he titles Pentandria Monogynia.
Fig. 6. fhews a flower with five ftamina and two ftyles, which he titles Pentandria Digynia.
Fig. 7. fhews a flower with fix ftamina and one ftyle, which he titles Hexandria Monogynia.
Fig. 8. fhews a flower with fix ftamina and three ftyles, which he titles Hexandria Trigynia.
Fig. 9. fhewsa flower with feven ftamina and one ftyle, which he titles Heptandria Digynia. . Fig. 10. fhews a flower with eight ftamina and one ftyle,
which he titles Oftandria Digynia.
Fig. 11. fhews a flower with nine ftamina and one ftyle, which he titles Exueandria Monogynia. ` . Fig. 12. fhews a flower with ten ftamina and one ftyle,
which he titles Decandria Monogynia.
Fig. 13. fhews a flower with twelve ftamina and one ftyle, which he titles Dodecandria Monogynia.
Fig. 14. fhews a flower with more than twelve ftamina, but lefs than twenty, and thefe arife either from the petals or the empalement, and with one ftyle, which he titles Icofandria Monog ynia.
Fig. 15, fhews flower with a great number of ftamina and one ftyle, which he titles Polyandria Monog ynia. Fig. 16. fhews a flower with two long, and two fhorter ftamina, and one ftyle, which he titles Didynamia.
IV.
Fig. 17. fhews a flower with four long and two fhorter itamina, and one ftyle, which he titles Tetradynamia. Fig. 18. fhews a flower with five ftamina, which are connected with the ftyle in one body, which he titles
Monadelphia Pentandria.
Fig. 19. fhews a flower with ten ftamina and one ftyle, which are joined at the bafe into one body, which he titles Monodelpbia Decandria.
Fig. zo. fhews a flower with many ftamina joined in one body, with a many-pointed ftyle, which he titles Mo- nadelphia Polyandria.
Fig. 21. fhews a flower with fix ftamina joined in two bodies, which he titles Diadelphia Hexandria.
Fig. 22. fhews a flower with ten ftamina, nine of which are joined together at their bafe, and the other is fe- parated, with one ftyle, This he titles Diadelpbia Decandria.
.| Fig. 23. fhews a flower with many ftamina, which are
conneéted at their bafe into feveral clufters or bunches, which he titles Polyadelphia Polyandria.
Fig. 24. fhews a fingle floret ei a compound flower, Thefe which are hermaphrodite have five ftamina and one ftyle, which are connected at their bafe, This clafs he titles Syngenefia.
Fig. 25. fhews a flower whofe ftamina are connected
with, and feem to proceed from, the ftyle, which is divided into two parts. This he titles Gynandria.
Fig. 26. fhews a flower of the fixteenth cats, which is of a different figure from thofe before reprefented. The ftamina of this ftand round the column formed by the ftyle.
Fig..27. fhews a floret of the compound flowers fitting upon the germen or embryo of the feed, with the twa reflexed ftigmas on the top of the ftyle,
AN
A
N
EXPLANATION ae or THE
AUTHORS NAMES and WORKS | shen s Ts toe
Referred to by the : ~.,
ABBREVIATIONS in ths W OR K.
the Royal Society. £ A Aà. Reg. Sc. The Memoirs of the Royal Aca- demy of Sciences at Paris. Aldin. ADefcription of fome Rare Plants which were cultivated in the Farnefian Gardens at Rome, by To- _ bias Aldinus, Printed at Rome 1625, fol. Alpin. Egypt. Profper. Alpinus’s Natural Hiftory of Egypt, in two Parts. Reprinted in 4to at Leyden,
A C T. Phil. Fhe Philofophical ‘TranfaGtions of
_ 73k
Alpi Exot. Profper Alpinus 6f‘Exotic Plants in two Books. Printed in 4to at Vehice, 1656. ~~
Amman. Char. Paul Amman’s Characters of Plants. Printed in 12mo. l l
` Amman. Hort. Paul Ammian’s Defcription of the Plants ‘in the Garden. of Bofius. Printed in 4to.
Amman Joh. John Amman’s Hiftory of Ruffian Plants. Printed in 4to at Peterfburgh, 1739.
Banifter. A Catalogue of Plants obferved in Virginia, by John Banifter. Printed in Ray’s Hiftory of Plants.
Barrel. Icon. Jacob Barrelier’s Hiftory and Figures of the Plants which he obferved in France, Spain, and Italy. Printed at Paris in fol. 1714.
Bocc, Rar. Figures and Defcriptions of Rare Plants, ob- ferved by Paul Boccone in Sicily, &c. Printed at Oxford 1674, in 4to.
Bocc. Muf. Paul Boccone’s Mufeum of Rare Plants. Printed in Italian, in two Parts, at Venice, 1697, 4to.
Boerh. Ind. An Index of the Plants growing in the Phy- fic-Garden at Leyden, by Dr. Herman Boerhaave. Printed at Leyden 1719; in 4to. S xo
Breyn. Cent. I. The firft Century of Exotic Plants, by Dr. James Breyniùs.. Printed at’ Dantzick, 1678, folio. Ata o
` Breyn. Prod. F. & II. The firt and fecond Prodromus to the Colleétion of Rare Plants, by Dr. James Brey- nius. The firft printed in 1680, the fecond in 1689, at Dantzick, in 4to. Both reprinted at Dantzick in 4to, by his Son John Philip Breynius.
Burman. Dec... John Burman’s Decades of Rare African Plants. Printedin 4to at Amfterdam, 1738. _
Burman. Thef. John Burman’s Treafury of Ceylon Plants. Prihted in 4to at Amfterdam, 1737. `
Buxbaum. Cent. I. & II. John Chriftian’ Buxbaum’s Century the Firft. Printed at Peterfburgh 1728, the Second 1729, both in 4to.
Cafalp. Andrew Cæfalpinus of Plants. Printed at Flo- rénce 1583, in 4to. i
Camer. Hort. Joacim Camerarius’s Garden of Plants. Printed in 4to at Frankfort, 1588.
Catefb. Hift. Mark Catefby’s Natural Hiftory of Caro- lina, Florida, and the Bahama Iflands. In two large volumes, fol. with cuts. Printed at London in fe - veral years.
C.B. P. Cafpar Bauhinus’s' Pinax to his Theatre of Plants. Printed at Bafil 1671, 4to. `
C. B. Prod. Cafpar Bauhinus’s Prodromus‘to his Thea- tre of Plants. Printed at Bafil 1671, 4to,”
Cluf. Hift. Charles Clufius’s Hiftory of Rare Plants. Printed at Antwerp 1605, fol. "| ees
Cluf. Exot.. Charles Clufius’s Exotics, in ten Books. Printed at Antwerp 1601, fol. >
Column. Ecphr. Fabius Columna’s Ecphrafis, in two Parts. Reprinted in 4to at Rome, 1616.
Commel. Rar. Defcriptions and Figures of Rare Exotic Plants, which were in the Phyfic-Garden at Amfter- dam, by Cafpar Commelin. Printed at Leyden 1706, Ato. ,
Commel. Prel. Cafpar Commelin’s Prelude to Botany. Printed at Leyden 1703, 4to. >
Corn. James Cornutus’s Hiftory of ‘Canada Plants, Printed at Paris '1635, 4to.’ fe
Dale. Samuel Dale’s Pharmacologia, ‘tn two volumes 8vo. Printed at London’1710, and reprinted in one volume in 4to at London, 1735.
Dale. Thom. Thomas Dale’s Obfervations on many new Plants which he difcovered in America. ` MS. .
Dalech. Hift. Jacob Dalechamp’s General Hiftory of Plants. Printed at Lyons 1587, in two vols. fol.
Dillen. Cat. John Jacob Dillenius’s Catalogue of the Plants which grow naturally about Giffam in Germa- ny. Printed at Frankfort.1719, 8vo.
Dod. Pempt. Dodonzeus’s Six Pemptedes. Printed at Antwerp 1616, fol.
Dodart. Dodart’s Commentaries to the Hiftory of Plants, Printed at Paris 1676, fol. ‘
Elchr. Elchrodt’s Index to the Plants in the Garden at Carolfruhan. In three parts, 8vo. .
Ferrar. Hefp.. John Baptift Ferrarius’s Hefperides. Printed at Rome 1646, fol. '
Ferrar. Fl. Cult. The Culture of Flowers, by J. Baptift Ferrarius. Printed at Rome 1633, 4to.
Feuille. Ludovick Feuille’s Phyfical, Mathematical, and Botanical. Obfervations, made in South America. Printed in three vols. 4to, at Paris. The firft and fecond in 1714, and the third 1725.
Flor. Virg, Flor. Virginica, or an Account of the Plants which have been obferved to grow in Virginia, by John Clayton, Efq; Publifhed by Frederic Grono- vius at Leyden, in two parts, 8vo, 1739.
Flor. Lugd. Flora Lugduno Batava, or a Catalogue of the Rare Plants which were growing in the Garden at Leyden. Printed in 8vo at Leyden, 1695.
Flor. Zeyl. Flora Zeylanica, or a Catalogue of the Plants which were collected by Paul Herman in the Ifland of Ceylon, from 1670 to 1677. Printed at Amfterdam in 8vo, 1748, by Dr. Linnzus.
Garidel. Peter Garidel’s Hiftory of the Plants growing about Aixin Provence. Printed at Paris 1719, fol. `
Ger,
An EXPLANATION of the AU THORS NAMES:
Ger. Emac. Gerard’s Hiftory of Plants, improved by Thomas Johnfon. Printed at London 1633, folio. l
Grew. Nehemiah Grew’s Anatomy of Plants. Printed at London 1652, fol. .
Hort. Chelf. A Catalogue of the Plants in the Chelfea- Garden, by Mr. laac Rand, F. R. S. Printed at London 1739, 8vo.
Hort. Amft. The Hiftory of Rare Plants which were in the Phylic-Garden at Amfterdam, by Caipar and John Commelin, in two volumes, folio. Printed at Am- fterdam 1697, and 1701. l
H. Beaum. A Catalogue of the Exotic Plants which were in the» Gardens of Mynheer Van Beaumont in Holland, Printed at the Hague 1690, 8vo.
Hort. kith. Hortus Eithamenfis, or a Defcription of the Rare Plants which were growing in the Garden at Eltham, by John James Dillenius, in two volumes, fol. with figures. Printed at London 1732.
Tort. Mal. The Plants which grow naturally at Mala- bar, figured and defcribed by Henry Rheede Van Draakenitain, in twelve volumes folio. Printed at Amtterdam from 1679 to 1703.
Hort. Maur. A Catalogue of the Plants in the Garden of Signior Mauroceni, by AnthonyTita, 8vo. Printed at Padua 1713.
Hort. Clif. Hortus Clifortianus, or a Catalogue of the Garden of Plants at Hartechamp, belonging to Mr. George Clifford of Amfterdam, ranged according to the new Method of the fexes of Plants, by Dr.Charles Linneus. Printed at Amfterdam in folio 1736, with elegant figures.
H.C. Hortus Catholicus, i. e. the Univerfal Garden, by Franiciicus Cupani. Printed at Naples 1696, 4to. H. Edin. A Catalogue of the Plants growing in the Phyfic-Garden at Edinburgh, by James Sutherland.
Printed at Edinburgh 1683, 8vo.
H. Eyit. Hortus Eyftettenfis, by Bafilius Befler. Print- edat Neurenberg 1613, fol. i
H. L. A Catalogue of the Plants growing in the Phyfic- Garden at Leyden, by Paul Herman, M. D. Printed at Leyden 1687, 8vo.
H. R. Monfp. A Catalogue of the Plants growing in the Royal Garden at Montpelier, by Peter Magnol. Printed at Montpelier 1697, 8vo. ,
H. R. Par. A Catalogue of the Plants growing in the Royal Garden at Paris. Printed at Paris 1665, fol. Hort. Upfal. Hortus Upfalienfis, or a Catalogue of the Exotic Plants growing in the Garden at Upfal in Sweden, by Charles Linnæus. Printed at Amfter-
dam in 8vo, 1748.
Houft. Houftoun, Dr. William, a Manufcript Cata- logue of the Plants which he had obferved growing in the Iflands of Jamaica and Cuba; as alfo at Cam- peachy and La Vera Cruz, in the years 1728, 1729, and 1732.
J. B. An Univerfal Hiftory of Plants, by John Bauhin, in three volumes. Printed at Embrun 1650, fol. Juf. Juficu. Anthony Juffieu, Profeffor of Botany in the Royal Garden at Paris, who has publifhed fome Memoirs of Plants, in the A&ts of the Academy of
Sciences at Paris,
Jof. Bern, Dr. Bernard de Juffieu, Demonftrator of the Piants in the Royal Garden at Paris, who has de- livered to the Royal Academy of Sciences many cu- rious Obfervations on Plants which are printed in their Memoirs.
Kemp. Ex. Dr. Englebert Koempfer’s Defcription of the curious Plants which he obferved in Japan. Print- ed at Limoguen in 1712, 4to.
in. Gen, Plant. Charles Linnaeus, F. R. S. Do&tor of Phyfic, and Profeffor of Botany at Upfal in Sweden, who has publifhed feveral Editions of his Method of ranging Plants according to their Parts of Genera- tion, The firft at Leyden in 1737, and the fecond in 1754, at Stockholm, Svo.
Lin. Sp. Plant. The Species of Plants by the fame Au- thor in two volumes, 8vo. Printed at Stockholm in 1753, and the fecond Edition in £765.
Tin. Mat. Med. Linnzeus’s Materia Medica, 8vo. Printed at Stockholm 1749.
I
Lob. Adv. Matthias Lobel’s Adverfaria Stirpiunt Printed at Antwerp 1676, folio.
Lob. Ic. Icons of Plants by Matthias Lobel. Printed at Antwerp 1576, fol.
Lugd. A general Hiftory of Plants by Dalechamp. Printed at Lyons 1586, two volumes in fol.
Magn. Peter Magnol, his Catalogue of the Plants grow- ing about Montpelier. Printed in 8vo at Montpelier, in 1686.
Maen. Hort. Peter Magnol, his Catalogue of the Plants in the Garden at Montpelier. Printed at Montpelier in 1697, 8vo,
Malp. The Anatomy of Plants, by Marcellus Malpig- hius. Printed at London in fol. 1679.
Marcg. George Marcerave, his Natural Hiftory of Bra- fil. Printed at Leyden 1648, fol.
Martyn. Cent. John Martyn, Profeffor of Botany at Cambridge, his five Decades of Rare Plants. Printed at London 1728, 1729, &c. in large folio, with fi- gures of the Plants in their proper Colours.
Matth. Peter Andrea Matthiolus, his Commentaries on Diofcorides. Printed at Venice 1558, fol.
Mentz. Chriftian Mentzelius’s Indexes of Plants in feve- ral Languages. Printed at Berlin in fol. 1682.
Michel. Peter Anthony Micheli, his New Genera of Plants. Publifhed at Florence 1729, fol.
Morif. H. R. Robert Morrifion, his Catalogue of the Royal Garden at Blois, to which is joined his Prelude to Botany. Printed at London 1699, Svo.
Mor. Hift. An univerfal Hiftory of Plants, by Robert Morriffon. Printed at Oxford 1679; 1680, and 1699, three volumes in folio: , `
Munt. Aloid. An Hiftory of Aloes, by Abraham Mun- tingius. Printed at Amfterdam 1668, 4to.
Munt. Phyt. Muntingius’s Phytographia. Printed at Leyden 1702, fol.
Munt. Herb. Brit. Muntingius’s true Herba Britannica, 4to, to which is frequently added his Aloidærum. Printed at Amfterdam in 4to, 1698.
Niffol. Niffole, his Memoirs of Plants. Printed in the Acts of the Academy of Sciences at Paris.
Par. Bat. Prod. The Prodromus to the Paradifus Batavus. Printed at Leyden 1998, 4to.
Park. Parad. The Garden of pleafant Flowers, by John Parkinfon, Printed at London 1629, fol.
Park. Theat. The Theatre of Plants, by John Parkin- fon. Printed at London 1649, fol.
Pet. James Petiver, his Hiftory of the Englifh Plants. Printed at London in fol. with cuts, 1713.
Pif. Braf. William Pifo, his Natural Hittory of Brafil. Printed at Leyden 1648, fol.
Pluk. Alm. Almageftum Botanicum, by Leonard Pluk- net. Printed at London 1696, fol. |
Pluk Amal. Amaltheum Botanicum, by Leonard Pluk- net. Printed at London 1703, fol.
Pluk. Mantiff. Mantiffa Almagetti Botanici, by Leonard Pluknet. Printed at London 1700, fol. l
Pluk. Phyt. Pluknet’s Phytographia, i.e. a Delinea- tion of Plants. Printed at London 1691, and 1692; fol.
Plum. Cat. Father Charles Plumier, his Catalogue of American Plants. Printed at Paris 1703, 4to.
Plum. Noy. Gen. New Genera of American Plants, Father Plumier. Printed at Paris 1713, 4to.
Plum. Pl. Am. A Defcription of American Plants, Father Plumier. Printed at Paris 1693, fol.
Pon. Bald. John Pon, his Defcription of the Plants growing upon Mount Baldus and Verona. Printed at Antwerp 1601, fol.
Ponted. Pontedera, his Anthologia, or Difcourfe on the Flowers of Plants. Printed at Padua 1720, 4to.
Raii Hift. Ray’s Hiftory of Plants. Printed at Lon- don 1686, and 1704, in three volumes, folio,
Raii Meth. John Ray, his Method of clafling Plants improved and augmented. Printed at Lond. 1703,8vo.
Raii Syn. A Synopfis of the Britifh Plants, by John Ray, augmented by Dr. Dillenius. Printed at Lon- don 1724, 8vo.
Rauw. Leonard Rauwolf’s Travels in the Eaft. Printed at London.
by by
c Rea,
An EXPLANATION of the AUTHORS Names.
Rea. Flora, Ceres, and Pomona, by John Rea. Printed at London 1676, fol.
Rivin. Auguftus Quirinus Rivini, his Order of ranging Plants by the Figures of their Flowers. Printed in five Clafies at Leipfic in 1690, 1691, and 1699, in fol. with figures. i
Roy. Flor. Leyd. Adrian Van Royen, Profeffor of Bo- tany at Leyden, his Prodromus, or Catalogue of the Plants growing in the Phyfic-Garden at Leyden. Printed at Leyden 1741, 8vo.
Sauv. Flora Monfpelienfis, by Fr. Sauvage. Hague, 8vo,
1755.
Scheuch. John Jacob Scheuchzer, his Obfervations of the Plants he difcovered growing on the Alps, in three Journies. Printed at Leyden, in two volumes 4to, 1723.
Sloan. Cat. A Catalogue of the Plants growing in the Ifland of Jamaica, by Sir Hans Sloane, M. D. Printed at London 1696, 8vo. ;
Sloan. Hift. A natural Hiftory of Jamaica, by Sir Hans Sloane, M. D. Printed at London 1707, and 1725, in two volumes, fol.
Swert. A Florilegium, or a Collection of Flowers, by Swertius. Printed at Franckfort 1612, -fol,
p
Tab. Ic. Icons of Plants, by Tabernæmontanus. i rint- ed at Franckfort 1590, fol. :
Tourn. Inft. Inftitutions of Botany, by Jofeph Pitton Tournefort. Printed at Paris 1716, 4to.
Tourn. Cor. A Corollary to the Inftitutions of Botany, by J. Pitton Tournefort. Printed at Paris 1703, jt.
Trew. Chrift. Jacob Trew, Doétor of Phylic, F. R.S. and of the Academy of Natural Curiofities, who has publifhed feven Decades of Rare Plants, finely Humi- nated, in folio, at Neurenberg. ,
Triumf. John Baptift Triumfetta, his Obfervations on the Vegetation of Plants, with the Hiftory ot the Plants growing about Rome. Printed at Rome 1685, 4to.
Triumf. Syl. John Baptift Triumfetta, his Syllabus of the Plants in the Phyfic-Garden at Rome.
Vaill. Sebaftian Vaillant, his New Genera of Plants. Printed in the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences.
Vaill. Dif. Sebaftian Vaillant’s Difcourfe on the Struc- ture of Flowers. Printed at Leyden 1718, 4to.
Volk. Flora Neurenbergenfis. An Account of Plants in the Garden of Neurenberg, of Dr. Volkamer. Print- ed at Neurenberg 1700, 4f0.
Zan. A Hittory of Plants, by Jacob Zanoni. at Bologna 1675, fol.
Printed
= z (e
Ga
ENA w VNR
; Sj Ñ AN À A Cara
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4 re
GARDENERS DICTIONARY.
ABI
SAG IA BE L E-tree. See Poputus. NRA D ABIES; the Fir-tree. > SAES The nameisderived from Tz), abeo, to extend or ad- ` vance. Others,fay, it is derived from abeo, to go away, becaufe the bark. fplits, and, as: it were, talls away, or is broke off eafily.
‘The CHARACTERS are, The male flowers are dif- pofed in a loofe bunch, kaving no corolla, but many fta- mina; joined in form of a column at their bafe, but fepa- rate above, having ereét fummits. The female flowers are collected in an oblong cone, each feale including two, which kave no corolla, a fmall germen with a fingle fiig- ma. Thefe are fucceeded by membranaceous winged feeds. Dr. Linnzeus,»profeffor of botany at ‘Upfal, whofe fyitem is generally followed at prefent, ranges this genus in the ninth fection of his twenty-firft clafs of plants, which includes fuch as have male and female flowers, placed at diftances‘on the fame tree,» whofe {tamina are joined together in form of acolumn.
To this genus he joins the Pine, Cedar, and Larch- tree, fuppofing them only different fpecies of one ge- nus; however, as there is great difference in the cùl- ture of thefe trees, we fhall choofe to continue ‘the former method of arranging them under their different genera. It may not be amilis however to obferve, that
_ inthe; former editions of Linnzus’s Genera Planta-
~
rum, thefe plants were ranged under the article Abies, but in the laft editionshe has thought proper to place them under Pinus: © © ~”
The Species, which are at prefent to be found in
the Englifh gardens, are,
- Avres (Alba) foliis fubtus argenteis apice emargi-
natis, coniserectis. Fir-tree whofe leaves are white on
~ their under-fide, and indented at their points, commonly
3:
called Silver Fir. ,Abjes taxi folio, fru€tu furfum {pectante. Tourn. Int.. R. H..
. Astes (Picea) foliis fubulatis mucronatis lævibus bi-
fariam verfis. The Norway Fir, or Pitch-tree. Abies
tenuiore folio, fructu deorfum inflexo. Tourn. Intt. R. H.
Axtxs (Balfamea) foliis fubtus argenteis apice fub-
- are certainly natives ‘of the place.
ABI
emarginatis bifariam verfis: The Balm of Gilead Fir. Abies taxi foliis, odöre balfami Gileadenfis. Raii Hift. Ap ; ae
p- 3 4. Apres (Canadenfis) foliis linearibus obtufiufculis fub-
membranaceis. The Newfoundland White Spruce Fir. Abies foliis piceæ brevioribus,. conis parvis biunciali- bus laxis. Rand.
5. ABIES (Mariana) foliis linearibus acutis, conis mini-
mis. The Black Spruce Fir of North America with very fmall cones. `
6. Apres (Américaya) foliis linearibus obtufiufculis bi-
fariam verfis conis fubrotundis. Fir. There is alfo another fort of Fir, which has been.of late years introduced from North America, by the title of Red Spruce Fir of Newfoundland; but-fo far as we can judge by the young trees now growing in the Englifh gardens, it appears to.be only a va- riety of the Black Newfoundland Spruce Fir. -There was alfo many years paft a tree of the China Fir, growing in the garden of Mr. Morgan of. Weftmin- . fter, which is mentioned by Dr. Pluknet, but being ina bad fituation it made little progrefs, the fmoke of London being very hurtful to all forts of ever- green trees; but whether- it was killed in that garden, or removed to any other, I do not know, for the round has been built upon many years. The firft and fecond forts of Firs are very common in gardens and plantations of evergreen trees. The firft grows in great plenty about Strafburgh, and other parts of Germany ; from whence the turpentine is brought to England. - But it is fuppofed, that moft, if notall of thefe were originally planted ; however, the moft beautiful of thefe trees are now growing up- on mount Olympus, from whence I have. received cones, which were upwards of afoot in length. Thefe Dr. Tourncfort, in his travels, mentions the Firs of mount Olympus as the moft beautiful trees in the Levant. The fecond fort, which is very common in the woods of Norway, is the tree that affords the white deals, and grows in the vallies where the foil is very deep. There are two varieties of this fpecies, greatly differ- ing in the length and colour of their leaves, as alfo the fize of their cones; one of which has been dif- tinguifhed by nurfery-gardeners, under the title of A, l Long
The Hemlock Spruce
A BI
Long Coned Cornith Fir. The leaves of this are whiter, and much longer than the others ; the cones are alfo of a greater length than thofe of the common fort, fothat by the appearance of the trees, any per- fon might fuppofe them to be a diftinct fpecies. But from the feeds which were carefully taken from this fort, both varieties of plants have rifen, therefore they mutt be only deemed varieties. ; From this tree the pitch is drawn, and hence it had the title of Picea, or Pitch-tree. The third fort was formerly’ growing in the Bifhop of London’s garden at Fulham ; and of late years there has been a great number of the trees raifed from the feeds which have been brought from America. This fort makes very little progrefs after eight or ten years growth ; the only place in which the trees have made any figure, is at his Grace the Duke of Bedford’s at Woburn-abbey in Bedfordfhire. The fourth fort is a native of North America, from whence the feeds have been brought to England, and great numbers of the plants raifed. This is called by the inhabitants in America, the White Spruce Fir. It grows naturally on the mountains and higher lands, and arrives to a much greater fize than moft of the other forts. Thofe in the gardens of the late Duke of Argyle, at Whitton near Hounflow, are by much the fineft I have feen: but there muft be fome trees of a greater age in Devonfhire, unlefs they have been deftroyed; for inthe year 1724, I received fome branches of this tree full of cones, from a gentleman of that county, who had feveral of the trees then growing, which were of a confiderable fize. — The fifth fort grows naturally on moift land, in many parts of North America, but rarely arrives to the fize of the fourth: however, the inhabitants of America ufe the branches of both indifferently in making of Spruce-beer, from whence the trees obtained the title of Spruce-trees. From both thefe fpecies of Fir, exfudes a fine clear turpentine of a ftrong fcent, which the native Indians ufe to cure green wounds, and alfo for fome internal diforders ; and of late years the Englifh phyficians in North America, have likewife adopted it into their ractice. The fixth fort is alfo a native of America, from whence the feeds have been brought into Europe. This tree does not thrive well in any part of England, nor in many places of America; though in fome par- ticular fpots I have been informed there are very large high trees now growing. It is a native of many parts of North America. Thefe trees are all raifed from feeds taken out of their polyfpermous cones. The way to get out the feeds is, by expofing the cones to a gentle fire, which will caufe their {quamous cells to open, and readily emit the feeds: but they fhould not be expofed to too great a heat, for the cones of all the Firs open much eafier than thofe of Pines, efpecially thofe of the Silver and Balm of Gilead Firs, which, if per- mitted to hang late in the autumn, fall to pieces and fcatter their feeds. This ought not to be done until the time of fowing them, which is beft perform- ed the latter end of March. Thefe plants fhould be all raifed in a nurfery, where they may be protected from the birds, otherwife they will be in danger of being deftroyed when they firft come up. For as they bring up the hufk of the feed on the top of the plant, the birds, in picking off the hufk, will break off the tops of the plants, whereby a whole bed may be loft in a few hours, if not care- fully guarded from them. The beft time for fowing thefe feeds is about the latter end of March, or the beginning of April, ac- cording as the feafon is more or lefs forward, on a bed of light earth, covering the feeds about half an inch deep with the fame mould. If this bed be netted over to keep off the birds, it will be a fure method of preventing them from deftroying the young plants at their firft coming out of the ground ; at which time they fhould likewife be fcreened from
7 .
ABI
the fun in the middle of the day, by covering the beds with mats, becaufe too much fun frequently de- ftroys the plants when they are young. In this bed the plants fhould remain until the following fpring, when there fhould be a number of beds prepared in
the nurfery to receive the feedlings. In the begin-
ning of April they fhould be tranfplanted into the beds, at the diftance of fix inches row from row, and in the rows at three inches afunder, fetting them in a quincunx order. In removing thefe plants, they fhould be very carefully raifed up with a trowel, fo as not to break off the fibres of their roots ; nor fhould they be kept long out of the ground. During the time they are out, their roots fhould be covered, to prevent the wind from drying their fibres; and in planting, the earth fhould be preffed clofe to their roots, to prevent the air from penetrating to them. If the feafon proves dry, it will be proper to water the plants every week once or twice, according:to the warmth of the weather; the beds fhould alfo be co- vered with mats, to fcreen the plants from the fun, and drying winds, until they have taken good root ; after which time they will- require little farther care, than to keep them clean from weeds. In thefe beds the plants may remain two years, at the end of which they fhould be tranfplanted into an open fpot of ground, for their roots will in that time meet quite over the beds. This ground, to which they are to be removed, fhould be well trenched and cleared from all noxious weeds, and made level. The be- ginning of April, juft before the plants begin to fhoot, will be a good time to remove them. In take- ing up the plants, great care fhould be taken not to tear off or injure their roots; nor fhould too many
of-the plants be taken up at one time, but rather
plant them as faft as they are taken up, that they may be as little time out of the ground as poffible. For the drying winds, which ufually happen at this feafon, will greatly injure the roots of thele plants, if much expofed thereto. The diftance at which they fhould be placed in the nurfery, fhould be four feet row from row, and in the rows two feet afunder. This diftance may by fome be thought too great; but if it be confidered how much their roots fpread in the ground, as alfo that when they are planted nearer together, it will be very difficult to take up the plants again without cut- ting and tearing off their roots, efpecially if they are not all taken up clean at the fame time: thefe con- fiderations muft have greater weight than that of the lofs of a little ground, with all who have any regard ` to the future welfare of the plants. In planting them, it will be advifeable to draw a line crofs the ground, and to dig out a trench of a foot wide, into which the plants may be placed at the diftance of two feet afunder. Then fill the earth into the trench, cover- ing the roots of the plants with the fineft part of it, {cattering it carefully between the roots; ard when the whole trench is filled in, prefs the earth gently down with your feet ; but by no means tread it too hard, efpecially if the ground be ftrong, or apt to bind too clofe. When the plants are thus planted, if the feafon fhould prove dry, they ought to be watered, in order to fet- tle the earth to their roots; and if this be repeated three or four times, (if the feafon fhould continue dry) it will greatly promote their taking new root, and fecure them from the injuries of the drying winds. In this nurfery the plants may remain two or three years, according to the progrefs they fhall have made ; and during this time, the ground between the plants fhould be conftantly kept clean from weeds, and dug between the rows every {pring ; in doing of which, care muft be taken not to cut or injure the roots of the plants: this is all the culture they will require during their continuance in the nurfery. When they are tranfplanted into the places where they are to re- main, the neceffary care to be taken is, in taking them up, not to injure or cut off their roots, and to let them be as little time out of the ground as poffible ; and
A BI
and while they are out, to guard their roots from the drying winds. ‘The fureft time for removing thefe trees is about the beginning of April; for though they may be, and often are, removed with fuccefs at Michaelmas, yet the fpring is the more fure feafon, efpecially in moift land.
Mott of the kinds of Firs may be removed at the height of fix or feven feet ; but thofe of two feet high are muchbetter totranfplant, and will in a fewyears gain the afcendant of taller trees: I would not, therefore, advife the traniplanting of thefe trees when they are much above two feet high, efpecially if they have ftood in the nurfery unremoved. For then their roots will have extended themfelves to a diftance, which muft be cut in taking them out of the ground ; and where great amputation is ufed either to the roots or branches of thefe trees, the quantity of turpentine which commonly iffues from thefe wounds, will great- ly weaken the trees. There is another advantage alfo in planting them when fmall, which is that of- not requiring {taking to fecure them from being blown down by {trong winds, which in tall trees is a great trouble or expence. And whoever will give them- felves the trouble to obferve, how much trees of two feet high exceed in growth thofe which are removed at a much greater height, will, I am fure, be con- vinced of the truth of what is here faid.
The common Spruce Fir is what affords the white deals. The trees grow in the deep ftrong foils of Norway and Denmark ; but will grow likewife in al- moft any foil or fituation in England, provided it be not within the reach of the {moke of great cities, which is very injurious to all thefe forts of trees ; nor do they thrive near fo well in dunged land, as in frefh uncultivated foils. The difrepute thefe trees have been under for fome years paft, has been occafioned by their being planted too clofe together, or too near other trees, whereby the air has been excluded from their branches, which has occafioned moft of their under branches to decay ; fo that when viewed from the ground under their branches, they have a greater appearance of dead than living trees. But where they have been allowed a good diftance, and planted in a {trong frefh foil, they have had their branches quite feathered within fix or eight feet of the ground, and that too in trees upward of fixty feet high ; therefore fhould not be planted nearer than twelve feet apart, nor fhould they be fo near, where the plantation is more than three rows deep. In this cafe, eighteen or twenty feet afunder will be full near enough, efpe- cially where the trees are defigned to have their
branches feathered near the ground, in which one of |.
the beauties of thefe trees confifts.
The Silver Fir requires a ftronger land than the Spruce, for in dry ground they feldom make any great progrefs; and many times, even after they have arrived to a confiderable fize, are deftroyed by very
dry feafons, where the foil is fhallow, or too dry.,
But when they are planted in a proper foil, they grow to a very large fize, and are extremely beautiful, hav- ing the under fide of their leaves white, and the up- per fide of a dark green colour.
This fort of Fir, however, is frequently injured by frofts, when they happen late in the fpring, efpecially while the plants are young. For when thefe are plant- ed in a warm fituation, they are apt to fhoot pretty early, and if any fharp frofts happen after they have puthed, the young fhoots are killed; fo that they lofe a year’s growth, and are rendered fo very un- fightly, that many times they have been pulled up and thrown away. In cold fituations, however, where they do not begin to fhoot fo early, they are not fub- ject to this difafter; and, in many fuch places, thefe trees grow to a large fize, and have their beauty. I have fometimes feen fome fine trees of this fort of Fir, which grew upon natural bogs, where, by ex- tending their roots, they had drained the ground to a confiderable diftance round them. There were fome trees of this kind lately growing in England, up- wards of ninety feet high.
ABI The method of raifing the other forts of Firs.
About the latter end of March, or the beginning of April (according to the forwardnefs of the feafon, by which every perfon muft be guided) prepare a very moderate bed, in length proportional to the quantity of feeds to be fown, and where there are frames which can be fpared for this purpofe, thefe may be placed upon the bed; but where thefe are wanting, the bed fhould be cradled over with hoops, that they may be covered with mats or canvafs; then plunge the bed full of {mall pots, fuch as are commonly fold about London for four fhillings and two pence per hundred. Thefe pots fhould be filled with light undunged earth, and the interftices between the pots may be filled up with any other earth which is neareft to the place ; then fow the feeds in thefe pots, covering them about half an inch with the fame light earth. In drying winds the bed fhould be covered, to prevent the earth from drying too faft, which would prove hurtful to the feeds ; nor fhould the feeds have too much wet, which would be equally injurious to them: therefore the earth fhould be but feldom watered, and it muft ne- ver be given in great quantities. When there is an appearance of froft at night, the bed fhould alfo be covered, With this management the plants will ap- pear in five or fix weeks time, when they muft be carefully guarded from birds, as was before directed for the common forts, and alfo fcreened from the fun in the middle of the day; but they muft now have frefh air admitted to them at all times when the wea- ther will permit. They may alfo be allowed to re- ceive any gentle fhowers of rain, but they fhould not have too great plenty of moifture, which will fre- quently rot the young plants, and caufe them to drop. Upon the judicious care of this, depends the whole fuccefs, for I have frequently feen great numbers of thefe plants deftroyed in one day, by be- ing either too much expofed to the fun, or from hav- ing too much wet. . It may, perhaps, feem ftrange to many, that I fhould direct the fowing the feeds of thefe trees which are fo very hardy upon a hot-bed ; but from many trials I have always found they have fucceeded much better this way than any other, for the gentle warmth of the bed will not only caufe the feeds to vegetate much fooner than they would naturally do in the cold ground, but the plants will alfo rife much ftronger, and, con- fequently, be in lefs danger of rotting in their fhanks. And as the warmth of the bed is only to bring up the plants, fo there fhould be but little dung employed in making'it; for after the plants are up, they muft be inured to the open air, and treated as hardily as the common forts. There may be others, perhaps, who will object to the directions given for fowing the feeds in fuch {mall pots, becaufe, where there is any quantity of the feeds, it is ufual to fow them in boxes, or large pots: but I can from many years experience aver, that moft forts of feeds fucceed better when fown in {mall pots, than in boxes, or larger ones, and there- fore recommend this practice. As the feeds of the Hemlock Fir will frequently re- main in the ground four or five months, the pots, in which they are fown, fhould not be difturbed, if the plants come not up fo foon as may be expected ; for unlefs upon ftirring the ground, the feeds are found to be decayed, there may be hopes of their growing the fecond fpring, for I have fometimes had the feeds remain a whole year in the ground, and af- terwards come up very well: this caution, therefore, is given to prevent the pots from being too haftily turned out. The plants of thefe forts of Fir muft be afterwards treated in the fame way as the common forts, with this difference only, that they ought to be tranfplant- ed into a more fhady fituation and moifter foil. For while the plants are young, they will not thrive if they are much expofed to the fun, or in a dry foil; dak when
ACA
when they have obtained ftrength, they will bear the open fun very well, and in a moift foil will make great progrefs ; whereas in dry ground they frequent- ly ftint, and produce plenty of male flowers and cones, by the time they get to the height of four or five feet. When the branches of thefe rees are cut off to trim them up to have ftems, it fhould be done gradually, never cutting more than one tier of branches in one year; for if too many wounds are made at the fame time on thefe refinous trees, the turpentine will iffue out in fuch quantities as to weaken and check their growth. The beft time for pruning thefe trees is in September, at which time they abound not fo much in turpentine as in the fpring, and, confequently, do not bleed much. What flows out at that feafon, is feldom more than is neceffary for covering the wounds, to prevent the wet and cold of the fucceeding winter from penetrating the wounded parts. Thefe branches fhould be cut clofe to the trunk.
ABROTANUM, or Southernwood. See ARTEMISIA.
ABROTANUM FQ:MINA. SeeSanrorina.
ABRUS. See GLYCINE.
ABSINTHIUM, Wormwood. See ARTEMISIA.
ABU TILON. ‘See Siva.
ACACIA, Egyptian Thorn, or Binding Bean Tree. See Mimosa. :
ACALYPHA, three feeded Mercury. This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnæus ranged in the ninth fec- tion of his twenty-firft clafs, which comprehends fach plants as have their male flowers furnifhed with one {et of united ftamina.
The CHARACTERS are, The male flowers are in clufters fituated above the female in the fame plant. Thefe have no corolla: they have a four leaved empalement with feveral fhort ftamina, which are joined at their bafe, having roundifh fummits. The female flowers have a large empalement, a three leaved cup which is permanent: they have no corolla. A roundijh germen with three branching ftyles, and a long ftigma. The cup afterwards turns to a capfule with three cells, each containing one roundifb feed.
‘The Species are,
1. Acatypua (Virginica) involucris foemineis cordatis in- cifis, foliis ovato-lanceolatis petiolo longioribus. Hort. Upfal. 290. i. e. Three feeded Mercury, whofe female flowers have a beart-fbaped empalement, and oval fpear- Joaped leaves, with long foot-ftalks. Mercurialis tri- coccos hermaphroditica.
2. AcaLYPHA (Virgata) fpicis fæmineis involucris cor- datis ferratis; mafculis aphyllis diftinétis foliis lanceo- lato-ovatis. Ameen. Acad. 5. p. 410. Three feeded Mer- cury, whofe female flowers have an indented heart-fhaped empalement, diftinét from the male.
3. ACALYPHA (Indica) involucris feemineis cordatis fub- crenatis, foliis ovatis petiolo brevioribus. Flor. Zeyl. 341. Mercury, whofe female flowers have heart-foaped crenated empalements and oval leaves.
The firft fort grows naturally in Virginia, and feveral other parts of North America, from whence I re- ceived the feeds. It is an annual plant, which fel- dom-grows more than a foot high, fending out fe- veral fide branches towards the bottom. The leaves are very like thofe of the broad leaved Pellitory of the wall, and are placed alternately, having long foot- ftalks, from the alze, or wings of the leaf. The flow- ers are produced in fmall clufters, the male always being above the female. ‘Thefe make but a poor ap- pearance, and refemble thofe of the Pellitory fo much, that at a {mall diftance, any perfon might fuppofe them to be the fame, till convinced by a nearer in- fpection. If the feeds of this fort are permitted to featter, the plants will come up in the fpring, better than if fown by hand; for if they are not put into the ground in Autumn, they rarely grow the firft year. All the cul- ture this plant requires, is to keep it clear from weeds, and let it remain where it was fown, for it doth not bear removing well. It flowers in Auguft, and the feeds ripen in Oétober. The fecond fort isa native of the warmeft countries.
ACA
Í received the feeds of this from Jamaica, where it grows in great plenty. This is alfo an annual plant, which in England feldom exceeds the former fort in its ftature. The leaves of this greatly refemble thofe of the annual Nettle, and fting full as much when touched. It is too tender to thrive in the open air in England, therefore the feeds fhould be fown in pots, plunged into a hot-bed ; and if the plants do not come up the firft year, (which often happens) the pots fhould be put in fhelter in winter, and the following fpring plunged again into a hot-bed, which will bring up the plants. ‘Thefe muft be tran{planted into pots, and brought forward in hot-beds, otherwife they will not produce feeds ripe in England.
Thete plants have no beauty to recommend them, but as they are preferved in feveral gardens for the fake of variety, I thought it neceflary to infert them here.
ACANACEOUS plants [fo called from dxabe,
Gr. a thorn or prickle] are fuch as have prickly heads.
ACANTHUS [dxat@, fo called,’ as fome fay,
kan
N
Q
Qr
‘from čxavða, a thorn. ] It is alfo called Branca Urfina,
or Bear’s-breech. i
The Cuaracrers of this plant are, The empalement is compofed of three pair of unequal leaves. The flower is uncqual, of one leaf, with a-fhort tube, the beard, or lower lip, being large, plain, and erect... It. has no upper lip. The famina and ftyle occupy the place of it. Theje are arched and firetched out beyond the .empalement. There are two long and two Joorter fiamina, which clofely coalefce to the fiyle, which is fituated upon a roundifh germen, and afterwards be- come an oval capfule, having two cells, each containing one ficlby Jmooth obleng feed. This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnzeus ranged in the fecond fe€tion of his fourteenth clafs, intitled Di- dynamia Angiofpermia, from the flowers having two long, and two fhorter ftamina, and the feeds grow- ing in a cover.”
The Species are,
. Acantuus (Mollis) foliis finuatis.inermibus. Hort.
Chiff. The common, or fmooth’ garden Bear’s-breech. Acanthus Sativus vel Mollis Virgilii. C. B.
. Acantuus (Nigra) foliis finuatis inermibus glabris
lucidè virens ; Portugal Bear’s-breech, with Jmooth finu- ated leaves of a lucid green colour. Acanthus Lultani- cus ampliffimo folio lucido. Juft.
Acantuus (Difcoridis) foliis lanceolatis integerrimis margine fpinofis. Gron. Ov. Middle Bear’s-breech, with intire leaves, having [pines on their borders.
. Acantuus (Spinojus) foliis pinnatifidis fpinofis. Hort.
Cliff. 326. Prickly Bear’s-breech. Acanthus aculea- tus. C. B. P. 383.
. Acantuus (Ilicifolius) foliis repandis dentato-fpinofis,
caule fruticofo aculeato. Ofb. it. 92. Shrubby Bear’s- breech, with prickly leaves like Holly. Acanthus mala- barius, agrifolii folio. Pet. fic. ro. The firft fort is what is ufed in medicine, and is fuppofed to be the Mollis Acanthus of Virgil. The leaves of this plant are cut upon the capitals of Co- rinthian pillars. Various have been the difputes among the learned about the plant, which is mentioned under this title by Virgil, who have given fo many different charac- ters to it, that no plant yet known will agree with them all. Many, therefore, have been of opinion, that there were two forts of the Acanthus, one of them atree, and the other an herb. The tree is fuppofed to be the Egyptian Acacia, andthe plant the firft fort here mentioned ; but there yet remains a difficulty with regard to fome of the epithets applied to that plant, as firft, where it is mentioned to be an evergreen berry-bearing plant. Baccas femper fron- dentis Acanthi. As to its being evergreen, that may be eafily conceived of our Acanthus, in the warm cli- mate of Italy ; forin England, where the plants grow in a warm fituation, they are feldom deftitute of leaves more than fix weeks, unlefs the winter proves very fe- vere. We may alfo fuppofe, that the flefhy oval feed- veffels of this plant might be taken for berries. But then with regard to its being a twining plant, flexi tacuiffem
ACA
tacuiffem vimen acanthi, it will by no means agree with this, or the Egyptian Acacia. However, as the botanifts in general have agreed that the plant here mentioned is the Acanthus of Virgil, and there being feveral entire columns of the Corinthian order yet remaining at Rome, upon whofe capitals the leaves of this plant are fo wellexpreffed, as not to admit of any doubt of their being defigned from our Acanthus, and thefe columns being as antient as the time of Vitruvius, there can be no doubt that this is the plant from whofe leaves Callimachus, a famous architect, compofed the capitals of the Corinthian illars.
The fecond fort was difcovered in Portugal by Dr. Bernard de Juffieu, demonftrator of plants in the royal garden at Paris, from whom I received the feeds in 1725, which fucceeded in the Chelfea garden, and frequently perfects feeds there; which being fown, conttantly produce the fame plants as the parent, and therefore muft be a diftin& {pecies.
The third fort is at prefent very rare in England ; it grows naturally in the eaft, and is by Dr. Linnzus fuppofed to be the Acanthus of Diofcorides, but with what certainty I cannot determine. This fort is not fo hardy as either of the two former, fo requires fhel- ter in the winter; therefore the plants while young, fhould be kept in pots, and placed under a common frame during the winter feafon; where they may: en- joy the open air in mild weather, but fcreened from hard frofts. When the plants have acquired ftrength, fome of them may be turned out of the pots, and planted in a border near a fouth wall, and in hard frofts if they are covered with mats or hand-glaffes, they may be fecured, and thefe plants will more cer- tainly flower than thofe in the pots.
The leaves of the fourth fort are deeply jagged, in very regular order, and each fegment is terminated with a fharp fpine, as are alfo the foot-ftalks of the leaves, and the empalement of the flower, which ren- ders it troublefome to handle either of them.
The fifth fort grows naturally in both Indies; I re- ceived it from the Spanifh Weft-Indies. There is a good figure of this plant in Pluknet’s Phytographia, tab. 261, fig. 4. under the following title, Frutex In- dicus fpinofus, foliis Agrifolii filiqua geminata brevi. This is a fhrub which rifes about four feet high, is divided into many branches, garnifhed with leaves, very like thofe of the common Holly, both in fize and fhape, and are armed with {pines in the fame manner; the flowers come out fingly, which are white, and fhaped like thofe of the common Acanthus, but fmaller. After the flower is paft, the germen becomes an oval bicapfular veffel, having one oblong feed in each cell. This fhrub is evergreen, but is too tender to thrive out of a ftove in England, and can only be propagated by feeds, which do not ripen in Europe. The other forts are lafting plants, which may be pro- pagated either by feeds, or parting of their roots; if by the former method, the feeds fhould be fown in a light dry foil, towards the end of March: if the feafon proves favourable, the plants will appear in May, and all the culture they require, is to keep them clean from weeds, and where the plants are too clofe, to thin them, fo as to leave them about fix inches afunder, which will be room enough for them to grow till autumn, when they fhould be tranfplanted where they aredefigned toremain. The firft, fecond, andthird forts, being tenderer than the others, ought to be planted in a warm border near a wall; and as thefe do not multiply fo faft by their roots, fo they do not require more room than three feet; but the fourth fort fpreads its roots to a great diftance, therefore muft have more than twice that room. This being hardy in refpect to cold, may be planted between fhrubs, to fill up vacant fpaces, where it will thrive faft enough, provided the ground be light, and not over wet, and when the plants are in flower, will make an agreeable variety. If this fort is propagated by its root, it may be performed either in fpring or autumn; but the
three firft muft only be removed in the fpring, for if
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they are tran{planted in the autumn, and the following winter prove cold, they will be in danger of being deftroyed.
Thefe plants take root very deep in the ground, fo that when they are planted in wet ground, their roots will rot in winter: I have frequently traced them more than four feet, therefore they fhould not be removed after they have been growing long in a place, but the fide fhoots may be annually taken off, efpecially from the creeping kinds, otherwife they will {pread fo far, as to over-bear any of their neighbouring plants or fhrubs. When the forts with creeping roots are once eftablifhed in a garden, they are with difficulty eradi- cated, for every root which may happen to be left,
- will fhoot again, fo as to become troublefome.
ACARNA. See Cnicus.
ACAULIS, or ACAULOS [of « neg. and caulis a ftalk or ftem; i. e. without ftalk ;] a plant is faid to be acaulis, or without ftalk, whofe Hower refts on the ground, having no vifible ftalk.
ACER [fo called according to Voffius, from acris, L. becaufe of the very great hardnefs of its wood.] The Maple-tree.
The Cuaracters of this tree are, The empalement of the flower is monopetalus, coloured, and cut into five foarp fegments at the brim, and is permanent. The corolla is compofed of five oval petals which fpread open, and are larger than the empalement. It hath eight fort awl-foaped famina crowned by fimple fummits. The germen is consprefjed, and immerfed in the large perforated receptacle. The ftyle is flender. It hath two acuminated Stigma which are reflexed. The capfules are two, joined at their bafe, they are roundifo, each being terminated by a large wing, inclofing one roundifb feed in each. This is ranged by Dr. Linnzeus, in his twenty-third clafs of plants, entitled Polygamia Moneecia.
The Specizs are,
1. Acer (Pfeudo Platanus) foliis quinquelobisinzequaliter ferratis floribus racemofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1054. The greater Maple, falfely called Platanus. Acer majus mul- tis falio platanus. J. B. The Sycamore-tree.
2. Acer (Campeftre) foliis lobatis obtufis emarginatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1055. The finall, or commen Maple. Acer campeftre & minus. C. B. P. 431. By the French, Petit erable des bois.
3. Acer (Negundo) foliis compofitis floribus racemofis. Hort 144. The Virginia Afh-leaved Maple. Acer maxi- mum foliistrifidis vel quinquefidis Virginianum. Pluk. Phyt.
4. AcER (Platancides) foliis quinquelobis acuminatis a- cute dentatis glabris floribus corymbofis. Lin. Flor. Suec. 303. The Norway Maple with Plane-tree leaves. Acer platanoides. Munt. Phyt.
5. Acer (Rubrum) foliis quinquelobis fubdentatis fubtus glaucis pedunculis fimpliciflimis aggregatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1055. The fcarlet flowering Maple of Virginia. Acer Virginianum folio majore fubtus argenteo fupra viridi fplendente. Pluk. Alm. 7.
6. Acer (Saccharinum) foliis quinquepartito-palmatis a- cuminato dentatis. Lin. Sp. Plant 1055. The American Sugar Maple.
7- Acer (Penfylvanicum) foliis trilobis acuminatis ferru- latis floribus racemofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1055. The Mountain Maple of America.
8. Acer (Opalus) foliis lobatis, minimé incifis fruétu ra- cemofo. The Italian Maple, commonly called Opalus. Acer major folio rotundiore minis laciniato & opalus Italorum. Raii Hitt.
9. AcER (Mon/pefulanum) foliistrilobisintegerrimis. Prod. Leyd. 459. The Montpelier Maple. Acer trifolium. C. B. P. 431.
10. Acer (Cretica) foliis trilobis integerrimis fubtus pu- befcentibus. Cretan Maple with three entire lobes to the leaves, which are fomewhat hairy on their under-fide. Thefe trees are eafily propagated by fowing their feeds, which fhould be done foon after they are ripe, in a bed of common earth, covering them about half an inch thick with light mould. The fpring following they will appear above ground, and, if kept clear from weeds, fome of the forts will grow above a foot p
B the
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the firt fummer. The autumn following (if they are clote in the fecd-bed) it will be proper to trani- plant therm into a nurfery, inrows at three teet diftance, and two fect alunder.in the rows; in which place they may remain three or four years, by which time. they will be large enough to plant out for good.
If the feeds of any of the forts of Maple are kept out of the ground tiil {pring, they rarely. come up the fame year, and many times do not grow; fo that the fureft method of raifing them is, tofow the feeds as foon as poffible when they are ripe; and, if the feeds are to be traniported to any diftance, it will be proper to put them up in fand, or earth, whereby their growing quality will be preferved.
The firft and fourth forts are very proper to make plantations near the fea, or to fhelter fuch plantations of trees as are too nearly fituated thereto. For both thefe forts thrive, and retifts the fpray, which is ufually blown from the fea, better than moft other trees do. The variegated fort is alfo raifed from feeds of the fame kind; and moft of the plants fo raifed, will be as finely {triped as the old plant from whence the feeds were taken, which is not common to many other va- riegated plants.
The common Maple is too well known to need any particular account, it growing, very frequently, in hedge-rows in moft parts of England. Jt is raifed in the fame manner with the former.
The Virginian flowering Maple was raifed from feeds, which were brought from Virginia many years fince by Mr. John Tradefcant, in his garden at South Lam- beth, near Vauxhall, and fince, in the gardens of the Bifhop of London, at Fulham, where the trees have flowered for feveral years, and produced ripe feeds, from which feveral trees have been raifed. It may be alfo propagated by laying down the young branches early in the fpring, giving thema little flit at a joint, by which means they will have taken fufficient root in two years, to be tranfplanted elfewhere. They require a fituation alittle defended from the north-eaft winds, efpecially while young; and delight in a moift light foil, in which they thrive much better than ina dry ground, and will produce more flowers, and better feeds. This tree commonly flowers in the beginning of April, and the feeds are ripe in five or fix weeks after, at which time they fhould be fowed; for they are very apt to perifh, if kept Jong out of the ground. There is another variety of the flowering Maple, which was fent from America to Sir Charles Wager, and flourifhed feveral years in his garden at Parfons- green, near Fulham. This is by the gardeners titled Sir Charles Wager’s flowering Maple. The flowers of this kind come out in large clufters, and furround the younger branches, fo as to appear at a {mall dif- tance covered with them. It. is now become pretty common in fome of the nurferies near London, fo
that the former fort is not fo much efteemed, being
lefs beautiful; but it is doubtful if they are dif- tinct fpecies. - wg
The Ath-leaved Maple is a very ftrong fhooting tree, and is, in Virginia, one of the largeft. trees of this kind. It muft be planted in places not too much ex- pofed to violent winds, being fubjeét to fplit thereby.
‘This tree ripens feeds very well in England, by which
means it is eafily propagated, or by cuttings planted in autumn. ` RAN The Norway Maple has a milky fharp juice, fo ‘that
few infects care to prey thereon, by which means the |
leaves are feldom eaten or defaced; and being {mooth, and of a fhining green, they have a much better ap- pearance than thofe of the Sycamore; andin the fpring, when the flowers are out, have great beauty. This tree is alfo raifed by feeds, of which it affords great quantities, which rifeand grow from the {cattered feeds as well as the common forc; it will alfo grow from cuttings, if they are planted in the autumn.
The variegated kind may alfo be propagated by in- oculating a bud of the ftriped kind into one of the plain fort, though I am not at prefent fure whether it will take upon any other fort of Maple, rat having
>
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made the experiment; but I believe it can fcarce fail. Mott, if not all the other forts of Maples, take very well upon each other. The American Sugar Maple has fome refemblance to the Norway, when the plants are -young; but as they grow up the leaves are more deeply divided, and their {urfaces lefs {mooth, fo that they are then eañly diitin- guifhed. From this tree the inhabitants of North America make a very good fort of fugar, in large quantities, by tapping the trees early in the fpring, and boiling the juice, which drawn out till the faces fub- fide, is the fugar; but Iam ef opinion, that the people make fugar from more than one fort of Maple in America, for I have found that the Afh-leaved Maple abounds with a faccharine juice, in full as great plenty as any other fort. Mr. Ray and Dr. ‘Lifter, prepared a tolerable good fort of fugar from our greater Maple, by tapping fome ‘of the trees in their bleeding feafon; and I have obferved, upon cutting-off branches from the fcarlet Maple in February, a great quantity of a very {weet juice hath flowed out -for feveral days to-
ether. The eighth fort of Maple is very common in moft parts ot Italy, but particularly about Rome, where it is one of the largeft trees of that country, and is efteemed for the fize of the leaves, which are large, affording a great fhade; fo that thefe trees are fre- quently planted by the fides of roads, and near habi- tations. In England this tree is very rarely to be met with, though it -is-hardy enough ‘to bear the open air; but as the feeds have not been brought over to Eng- land till lately, there are no large plants in the Eng- lifh gardens at prefent. , The ninth fort iscommon in the fouth-of France’and Italy; the leaves of this refemble thofe of the common Maple, but are of a much thicker fubftance, and not fo large, ‘but are of a fhining green colour. They continue in verdure very late in the autumn, which renders the trees-more valuable. At‘prefent, this ‘fort is not common in England. I raifed feveral plants from ‘feeds, ‘fome of which have for feveral years ‘pro- duced ‘good feeds in the Chelfea garden, where ftom . the feattered feeds the plants come up annually in plenty: E Sa The’tenth fort hath fome refemblance to the ninth. The leaves -of this fort are of a much thinner tex- ture,’ and their foot-ftalks are covered with a foft hairy:down, whereas thofe of the other are {mooth and ftiff: This fort grows naturally in the Levant. Mott of the forts öf ‘Maple which’ come from Ame- rica, are very impatient of heat while-young; their feeds therefore fhould be fown in’a theltered fituatton, for if the plants ate’expofed to the full fun but one day, when they firft appear, few of them will furvive it; but efpecially the Sugar Maple, of which fort I conftantly loft moft of the plants, till t had the pre- ‘caution to place. the pots, in which the feeds: were fown, entirely in the fhade; for no fooner are they expofed to the fun, but they are immediately attacked by infects, which in-one day will ‘devour their feed leaves, after which the plants fuddenly drop to the ground, This precaution therefore is neceffary to be obferved, in railing moft of the forts of Maple from feeds: ` iD) Ls The timber of the‘common Maple is far fuperior to the Beech for all ufes of the turner, particularly dithes, cups, trenchers, and ‘bowls; and when it abounds with knots (as it very often doth), it is highly éfteemed by the joiners for inlayings, &c.’ and alfo for the light- nefs of: the wood, is often employed by thofe that make mufical inftruments; and for the whitenefs of its wood, it was formerly in great requeft for tables, &c.
ACETOSA [of acetofus, L. eager, four.] The Sorrels
are by Dr. Linnæus joined to the genus of Dock, under the title of Rumex; but as all the known fpe- cies of Sorrel, have male flowers growing upon dif- tinct roots from the female, therefore by his method
fhould be ranged in his twenty-fecond clafs titled Di-
ceceia; therefore I have taken the liberty to feparate thefe from the Docks, rather to preferve their ald title, as
to
A
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as the plants have been long ufed both in the kitchen and fhops.
The CHARACTERS are, It hath male and female flowers in different plants, the male flowers have a three leaved eipalement, in which are included fix flamina, crowned with flat oblong fummits, but have no corolla: the female flowers have alfo a three leaved empalement, in the center of which is fituated a three cornered germen, fupporting a trifid ftylus. The germen af- terward turas to a triangular feed.
The Species are,
. Acerosa (Pratenfis) foliis fagittatis inferioribus pedi-
culatis caulinis feMilibus. Common or Meadow Sorrel.
Acetofa pratenfis. C. B. P. 114.
. Acetosa (Acetofella) foliis lanceolato-haftatis radice
repente. Common Sheep's Sorrel. Acetofa arvenfis lan- ceolata. C. B. P. 114.
. AcrrTosa (Scutatus) foliis cordato haftatis radice re-
pente. Round leaved or French Sorrel. Acetofa rotun- difolia hortenfis. C. B. P. 114.
. Acetosa (Digynus) humilis repens folio rotundo emar-
ginato. Low creeping Sorrel with a round indented deaf. Acetofa rotundifolia repens Eborafcenfis folio in me- dio deliquium patiente. Mor. Hift.
. Acetosa (Alpina) foliis cordatis acuminatis amplexi-
caulibus. Alpine Sorrel, with heart-/haped pointed leaves embracing the ftalks. Acetofa montana lato ari rotundo folio. Bocce. Muf.
. Acetosa (Lunaria) foliis fubcordatis, caule arboreo.
Sorrel-tree with roundi beart-fhaped leaves. Acetofa arborefcens, fubrotundo folio. Pluk. Alm. 8.
. Acerosa (Rofea) foliis erofis, valvulze alterius ala
maxima membranacea declinata. Sorrel from Egypt with bitten leaves, and large membranaceous valves declin- ing. Acetofa Ægyptia rofea feminis involucro. Shaw. Pl. Afr.
. AczTosa (Sterilis) foliis oblongis pedunculis brevif- fimus rarò florens. Northern barren Sorrel. This is the
Acetofa Mufcovitica fterilis. Mor. Hift.
The firft of thefe forts, though but-{mall in the fields, yet, when fown in gardens, will produce fair large leaves; this is commonly cultivated in gardens. It muft be fown early in the fpring, in a fhady moift border; and if the plants are afterward removed into another {hady border, at the diftance of four or fix inches fquare, they will produce larger leaves, and continue longer. This is the common Sorrel ufed in medicine, but the Northern barren Sorrel is preferred to it in the kitchen-garden, becaufe it rarely runs to feed, but is increafed by parting the roots either in {pring or autumn, and is fit for ufe all the year.
The round leayed (or French) Sorrel, is a more grate- ful acid, fo by many perfons is preferred to the other two forts for kitchen ufe; this is alfo a medicinal plant, and fhould not be wanting in any good garden: it is a great runner at the root, by which means it is eafily propagated, and the roots planted at the diftance of two feet fquare at leaft: it will agree better with an open fituation than the other two forts. And if the flower-ftems and rambling branches are cut off in in the beginning of July, the roots will foon put out new leaves, which will be tender and much better for kitchen ufes, than the older leaves; fo that by cutting down the fhoots of fome plants at different times, there will always be a fupply of young leaves, which is the only part of the plant ufed in the kitchen. And this fort is much preferableto the common Sorrel for foups, fo many perfons have of late years cultivated it ‘in their gardens, fince the ufe of Sorrel has been greatly increafed in England, by the introduction of French
_ cookery, it being an ingredient in many of their [auces
and foups. Infomuch that about Paris, Sorrel is cul- tivated in as great quantity as almoft any other ef- culent. plant.
The Sheep’s Sorrel is a common weed in‘moft parts of England, growing upon dry banks and in gravelly foils in great plenty; for as it propagates very faft by its Creeping roots, fo wherever it once gets poffeffion in the ground, it foon multiplies. This is rarely ad- mitted to have a place in gardens, but as it has long
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been continued in the Difpenfaries as a medicinal plant, fo it is here inferted. .
The low creeping Northern Sorrel, is preferved in many gardens for the fake of variety, but has not been ufed in the kitchen. This fort grows wild in mott of the northern counties, as alfo in Wales. I have feen it growing in greatplenty in Yorkfhiré and Wefmore- land. The leaves of this fort have very fhort foot- ftalks, and are indented at both ends. Thefe grow near to the ground, and the flower-ftems rarely rife above fix inches high. The roots creep in the ground, whereby it multiplies exceedingly in a properfituation. As this fort grows naturally in fhady moitt places, fo whoever is defirous to have it thrive in a garden, muft plant it in a north border and in a moift foil, where it may be propagated in plenty, and be ufed for the fame purpofes as the others.
The Alpine Sorrel is full as hardy as the common, and as the leaves are much larger, fo they are better for the ufes of the kitchen, having as pleaiant an acid tafte, and being much more fucculent. This may be propagated either by feeds, or parting of their roots, in the {ame manner as the common fort; but the plants require more room, for which reafon they ought not to be nearer than a foot from each other, efpecially in good ground.
ACETOSELLA. See Oxauis. ACHILLEA, Milfoil Yarrow, or Nofebleed.
The CHARACTERS are, It hath a compound radiated flower, confifting of many tubulous florets, which are hermaphrodite, and compofe the difk of the flower; the female flowers are ranged round the border; thefe bave their corolla ftretched out on one fide like a tongue, which compofe the rays, all included in one common fcaly empalement. The hermaphrodite flowers have each five fhort flender ftamina, accompanying a finall germen, which is fituated in the bottom, and refts upon a downy bed, the germen afterwards becomes a fingle oval feed, having a down adhering to it.
The Species are,
1. Acnittza (Millefolium) foliis bipinnatis nudis, laci-
niis linearibus dentatis. Hort. Cliff. 413. Common Yarrow, called alfo Milfoil, Stratiotes, and Nofebleed. Of this there is a variety with purple flowers, which is often found growing naturally in England.
2. ACHILLEA (Santolina) folis fetaceis dentatis; denti-
culis fubintegris fubulatis reflexis. Hort. Cliff. 412. Eajftern Sneezwortwith aLavender-cotton leaf, an dalar ge flower.
3- ACHILLEA (Tomentofz) foliis. pinnatis hirfutis pinnis
linearibus dentatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 897. Woolly Yarrow with yellow flowers.
4. -ACHILLEA (Pubefcens) folits pinnatis, foliolis lanceo-
latis incifis ferratis fubtus lanigeris. Hort. Clif. 413. Eaftern Sneexwort with hoary Tanfey leaves, and the rays of ihe flower of a pale yellow colour.
5. AcHILLEA (Abrotanifolia) foliis pinnatis fupra decom-
pofitis, laciniis linearibus diftantibus. Flor. Leyd. Prod: 175. Talh Eaftern Yarrow, with a Wormwood leaf and yellow flowers.
6. Acnittea (Clavennz) foliis pinnatifidis planis obtufis
tomentofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 898. Broad-leaved Alpine umbelliferous Wormwood,
7. ACHILLEA (Lanacetifolia) foliis pinnatis foliolis lineari
lanceolatis bafi furfum aućtis: Flor. Leyd. Prod. 176. EagfternSneezwort with hoary Tanfey leaves, and a golden
flower.
8. AcHILLEA (Ageratum) foliis lanceolatis obtufis acuté
ferratis. Hort. Cliff. 413. Commonly called Sweet Maud- lin,
9. AcHILLEA (Zgyptiaca) foliis pinnatis foliolis obtusé
lanceolatis ferrato dentatis. Hort. Clif. 413. Hoary Sneezwort with crefted pinnula.
10. ACHILLEA (Ptarmita) foliis lanceolatis acuminatis
argutè ferratis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 893. Common Ptarmica or Sneezwort. OF this fort there is a variety with double flowers which is preferved in gardens.
11. ACHILLEA (Macrophylla) foliis pinnatis planis incifo
ferratis extimis majoribus coadunatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1265. Alpine Sneezwort with Feverfew leaves. 12. ACHILLEA
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12. AcHinLea (Nezé) foliis pinnatis dentatis hirfurifi- mis foribus glomerato umbellatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 2671. Hoary Alpine Miifoil, with a fpecious fower.
13. ACHILLEA (Nobilis) foliis bipinnatis, inferioribus nu- dis planis, fuperioribus obtufis tomentofis corymbis convexis confertiffimis. Lin. Sp. 1268. Nodle or Sweet Milfoil. ' ,
14. ÅcHILLEA (Alpina) foliis lanceolatis dentato-ferratis denticulatis tenuiffime ferratis. Hort. CHF. 413. Æ- pine Sneezwort with leaves deeply ferrated, commonty called White Maudlin.
The firft fort here enumerated, is the common Yar- row or Milfoil, which grows naturally on banks and by the fides of foot-paths in moft parts of England, fo is rarely allowed a place in gardens; but being an officinal plant, it is here mentioned to introduce the others. Of this there is a variety with purple flowers, which is frequently found wild in England; but the plants feldom continue to produce purple flowers long, when they are tranfplanted into gardens. The Yarrow creeps greatly by its roots, and alfo multiplies by feeds, fo that it becomes a troublefome weed, where it is permitted to grow.
The third fort is often planted in gardens for the fake of variety. This is of humble growth, feldorn rifing more than eight or nine inches high. The leaves are finely cut, and are very hoary; the flowers are of a bright yellow colour, and continue long in beauty. It grows naturally in the fouth of France, Spain, and Italy, but will live in the open air in England. It is increafed by parting of the roots, the beft time for which is in October.
The fourth, fifth, feventh, and ninth forts, are na- tives in the iflands of the Archipelago. Thefe were introduced into France by Dr. Tournefort. The ninth fort hath very hoary leaves, which remain all the year; and the plants growing clofe and low, makea pretty appearance at all feafons. The flowers are produced in umbels on the top of the ftalks, which are yel- low; thefe appear in June, July, Auguft, and Sep- tember, and are of long duration, fo that frequently fome of them continue the greater part of the winter. This fort muft have a dry foil and a warm fituation, where it will endure the cold of our ordinary winters in the open air, but in very fevere froft they are often deftroyed;, a few plants therefore ought to be fhel- tered under a frame in winter, to preferve the kind. It is propagated by flips, which may be taken off and planted in a fhady border, any time in fummer, when they will take root in about fix weeks, and then may be tranfplanted either into pots, or the borders where they are to remain. This fort rarely perfects its feeds in England.
The fourth, fifth, and feventh forts, are of taller
growth, propagating by their roots, and ripening feeds |.
in England, fo that they may be obtained in plenty;
and as they require little care to cultivate them, being |
hardy enough to live in the open air, they may be allowed a place in gardens, where, by theirhoary leaves, they will make a pretty diverfity; and their flowers continuing long, though not the moft beautiful, yet make a pretty contraft when intermixed with others. The fixth fort is a very humble plant; the foot-ftalks which fupport the umbels of its flowers, rarely rife above fix inches high. As for the flowers themfelves, they are near as large as thofe of the common Sneez- wort, white, and growing in flat umbels; thefe appear in June and July. The leaves of the plant have fome likenefs to thofe of the common Worm- wood, and arevery hoary, growing clofe tothe ground, decaying in autumn, fo that in winter they make little appearance. This fpecies of Yarrow is propa- gated by parting of the roots, either in {pring or au- tumn, and fhould have a dry foil, for much wet in winter will rot them. It never perfects its feeds here, and therefore can only be multiplied the other way. This fort is a native of the Alps.
The eighth fort is commonly known by the title of Sweet Maudlin in the markets; it was formerly more ufed in medicine than at prefent, fo that there is fcarce
ACH
any of it cultivated in the gardens for fale; and when it is afked for, the people in the markets commonly give the fourteenth fort for it, which being a very hardy plant, and eafily propagated, is now generally fold for the other. For though the true Maudlin is hardy in refpect to cold, yet in wet winters the roots are often killed by moiiture, efpecially thofe which are in good ground ; but when the plants grow out of the joints of walls, orin rubbifh, they will live many years without care. There are two other varieties of this plant which are found growing naturally in Spain, one of them having longer and more compa¢t umbels of flowers, and the other hath broader leaves. and {maller flowers ; but thefe approaching fo near to the common fort in every other particular, I thought it would be needlefs to enumerate them as diftinét fpe- cies. The common Maudlin is propagated by parting of the roots, either in {pring or autumn, and as it ripens feeds very well, {o it may be propagated by fowing the feeds in April. It flowers in June and July, and the feeds are ripe in September.
The tenth fort is the common Sneezwort; this grows wild in the woods and other fhady places, in many parts of England, fo is not admitted into gardens ; this creeps greatly by its roots, fo as to cover a large {pot of ground foon. It is fometimes ufed in medi- cine, and in the {pring the young tender fhoots are put into fallads, to correct the coldnefs of other herbs ; and the roots are ufed tor the tooth-ach, whence fome have given the title of Field Pellitory to this plant. There is a variety of this with double flowers, which _ is preferved in gardens, and is commonly known by the title of double Maudlin. When this is planted in pots, fo as to confine the roots from creeping, the ftalks will grow clofer together, and then they make a tolerable appearance when in flower; but where the roots have full liberty to run, the ftalks grow farther diftant from one another, in which cafe they make but an indifferent appearance. It flowers in July and Auguft. ' l The fourteenth fort has fome refemblance to the tenth, but the leaves are longer, deeper cut on their edges, and are of a darker green colour. This pro- pagates faft enough by its creeping root, and is very hardy.
The eleventh and twelfth forts are natives of the Alps, and confequently very hardy; they multiply by feeds, and alfo by parting of their roots, and will thrive in almoft any foil, but love an open expofure. The ele- venth produces many ftalks which rife near three feet high, having loofe branching umbels of white flowers on their top, refembling thofe of the common Sneez- wort, but larger. The twelfth fort hath hoary leaves, and the umbels of its flowers are more compact ; the ftalks of this do not rife more than a foot high. Both thefe deferve a place in gardens.
The thirteenth fort approaches near the firft, but the leaves are of a pale green, and not fo long, or fo much cut as thole of the firft,; thefe have a ftrong {weet {cent when bruifed. It is equally hardy with the firft, and therefore requires little culture.
ACHRAS. See Sapora. ACHYRANTHES.
m
The CHARACTERS are, , The empalement confifts of five pointed rigid leaves which are permanent, the flower bath no petals, but in the cen- ter of the empalement is fituated the pointal, having a bifid Sigma, aitended by five lamina, fupporting fmall fummits. The pointal afterward becomes a fingle roundifb feed, in- clofed in the empalement,
The Specigs are,
. ACHYRANTHES (A/pera) caule erecto, calycibus te-
flexis {pice adpreffis. Fl. Zeyl. 105. Achyranthes with an upright fialk, and a reflexed flower-cup. Amaranthus ficulus fpicatus radice perenni. Bocce. Rar. Plant. 16. tab. 9.
. AcHYRANTHES (Indica) caule erecto, foliis obverse
ovatis undulatis floribus reflexis. Achyranthes with an cree? falk, obverfe oval waved leaves and reflexed flowers.
3. ACHYRANTHES
A CO
3. Acuyrantues (Leppacea) caule erecto, fpica inter- rupta, floribus excerne lanatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 204. Achyranthes with an upright fialk, a loofe [pike, and the ouijide of the jower woolly. 7 l
4. AcayrantHES (Lanata) caule erecto, fpicis ovatis la- teralibus calycibus lanatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 204. Achy- ranthes with an eret fiaik, and oval fpikes of flowers produced from the wings of the leaves, which are covered with a foft down.
The firft fort hath been long in the Englith gardens, ‘ F R P = i A h aa riety, than for its beauty or ufe. It grows near three feet high, with oblong pointed leaves; the flowers branches, waich are compofed of an empalement, with a ftyle and five {tamina, but hath no petals, fo may of this fort muit be raifed on a hot-bed, and when they have acquired ftrength, they may be tranfplanted and their feeds ripen in September. If thefe are kept in pots, and put into a warm green-houle tn winter, inclined to keep them fo long. This fort grows na- ds of America, and alfo in india
and Sicily. which have for fome years flourifhed at Cheifea, and annually produced ripe feeds, which have never va- The third and fourth forts grow naturally at the Cape of Good Hope, from whence I received their feeds. ~ardens for the fake of variety, but have no great beauty to recommend them, to thofe who do not cultivate plants for the im- They may all be propagated in the fame manner as the firit, and will pertect their feeds the fame year , through the winter if placed in a ftove, for they are too tender to be kept in a green-houfe where there is
ACINOS. See Tuymus.
ACINUS, or ACINI, by good authors is not ufed from the tollowing paflage in Columella, Cum expre/- feris vinacea, que acinis celantur. Itis commonly uied manner of grapes, as Liguftrum, &c.
ACNIDA, Virginia Hemp. other parts of North America, but is rarely cultivated in Europe, except in fome few botanic gardens, for growing upon different roots, fo is near of kin to the Hemp, under which title it has been ranged by fome and at prefent no ufe has been made of it, it is to
ACONIT UM, Wolfsbane, or Monkthood, [of dew, or axa, a dart, becaufe the Barbarians ufed to daub becaute it haftens death].
The CHARACTERS are,
petals, which vary in different fpecies, the galea (or heod) is tubulous, and covers the other parts of the flower like a ftamina end fiyle are equal: thefe are concave and fliightly indented in the middle. The two lower petals are narrow netlarii, upon which are fituated the ftyles, in fome there are two, in others three, and fome have five: thefe are numerous and irregular: after the flower is paft, the ger- men become cblong feed-veljels terminated in a point, and filled with angular rough feeds.
This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnzeus ranged in the
where it hath been prelerved more for the fake of va- come out in long fpikes from the extremity of the be ranged under the claf of blink flowers. The plants into the full ground, where they will ower m July, they will live two or three years, where perfons are turally in the iflands
The teects of the fecond fort I received from Malabar, ried from the parent plant.
Thefe are all preferved in botanic gard
provement of that {cience.
but the plants of the three laft iorts may be preierved not artificial heat.
for the grape ftone, but the grape itlelf, as appears for thofe finali grains growing in bunches, after the This plant grows naturally in Virginia, and in fome the fake of variety. It hath male and female fowers former boranifts. But as it is a plant of little beauty, little purpefe to fay more of it here.
their darts therewith; others of dxedéw, to accelerate, The flower hath no enpalement, but confifts of five unequal friars cowl, the two lateral petals, which inclofe the and oblong: in the botiom of the flower are placed two forked, end firetch cut far beyond the flamina, which are coalefeing at their bafe, thefe have but one cell, which is third fection of his thirteenth clafs, entitled Polyan-
ACO
dria trigynia, from the flowers having many ftamina, and three ftyles. The Svictts are,
1. ACONITUM (Lycottonum) foliis palmatis multifidis vil- lofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 532. Yellow Wolfsbane or Monk- foccd, with palmated hairy leaves finely divided. Aconitum lycoctonum luteum. C. B. P. 183.
2. Aconitum (Aliifimuin) foliis palmatis, nervofis gla- bris. Greatet yellow Wolfsbane, with nervous, fmooth, pal- mated leaves. Aconitum luteum majus ampliore caule amplicribuique foliis. Dod. p. 441.
3. Aconitum (Variegatum) folis multfidis laciniis -fe- mipartitis fuperne latis. Hort. Cliff. 214. Leffler Wolfs- bane with biue flowers, whofe under leaves are cut into many parts, and whofe upper bave broader fegments. Aco- nitum czeruleum minus, five napellus minor. C. B. P. 183.
4. Aconitum (Aatbora) floribus pentagynis foliorum laciniis linearibus. Lin. Sp. Piant. 532. Wholefome Wolfsbane with yellow flowers. Aconitum falutiferum five anthora. C. B. P. 184.
5. Aconrrum (Napellus) foliorum laciniis linearibus fu- pernè latioribus linea exaratis. Hort. CHF. 214. Wolfs- bane, or Monkfhood, with large biue flowers. Aconitum ceruleum, five napellus. 1 C. B. Pin. 183.
6. Aconitum (Pyramidale) foliis multipartitis, fpicis flo- rum longiffimis fefiilibus. The common blue. Monk/bood, with a long [pike of flowers. Aconitum pyramidale mul- uflorum. H. R. Par.
7. Acontrum (Alpinum) foliorum laciniis pinnatifidis fiore maximo. Large flowered Monk/bood, or Welfsbane,, of a blue purple colour. Aconitum cæruleo purpureum Hore maximo, five napellus. 4 C. B. P. 183.
S. AconiruMm (Pyrenaicum) foliis multipartitis laciniis li- nearibus incumbentibus fquamofis. Hort. Upfal. 152. Yellow Pyrenean Monkfhood, or Wolfsbane, with fine cut leaves. Aconitum Pyrenaicum luteum foliorum feg- mentis fibi invicem incumbentibus. Rati Syll. 367.
9. Aconitum (Cammarum) floribus fubpentagynis, fo- liorum laciniis cuneiformibus incifis acutis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 751. Monk/hood with flowers, having commonly five Jyles, and the fegments of the leaves awl-foaped.
10. Aconitum (Orientale) elatius, foliis palmatis fore magno albo. Eaftern Monkfhood, with a tell fialk and a large white flower. Aconitum lycoctonum orientale fiore magno albo. Tourn. Cor.
The fixth fort is the mof common in the Englifh gardens; this is cultivated for the beauty of its long foike of blue flowers, which are brought to the mar- kets in London, towards the end of May, when it commonly flowers; fo that thefe being intermixed with the Guelder Rofes and other flowers of the fame feafon, make an agreeable variety, when properly blended, to adorn halls and other apartments. But as moft of the fpecies of Monkfhood are a deadly poifon, not only to men but to brutes alfo, they ought not therefore to be admitted into places where children or ignorant perfons frequent, left by fmelling to thefe flowers, they fhould draw fome of the farina into their noftrils, which may prove very hurtful to them, as I can from experience affert for fact. We have an account of a man who was poifoned in the year 1732, by eating fome of this plant, which by an unfkilful perfon was put into a fallad inftead of Celery. This ‘is particularly mentioned in.the Tranfactions of the Royal Society, N° 432. Dodonzzus alfo relates a ftory of the bad effects of one fpecies of Monkfhood, which was recent in his time. Some unfkilful perfons had gathered the young Moots of the blue Monkthood to eat in a fallad, and all that cat of them were feized with terrible fymptoms, and foon died. Dr. ‘Turner alfo mentions, that fome Frenchmen at Antwerp eat the fhoots of this plant for thofe of Mafterwort, and all of them died in two days, except two players who threw them up by vomit. I have known perfons who by finelling to the flowers, have been feized with fwooning fits, and have loft their fight for two or three days. The fourth fort is that which is made ufe of in me- dicine, and is efteemed an antidote to thefe which are C poifonous.
ACO
poifonous. This is by fome writers titled Anthora, and by others Antithora, as the poifonous kinds have been called Thora. Whenever therefore any of the fpecies of this genus is ordered in medicine, this is the fort intended. ners Moft, if not all the other forts are efteemed poifon- ous; but thofe with blue flowers are fuppofed to be of a much ftronger quality, than the yellow or white flowered kinds. It is confidently affirmed, that the huntimen on the Alps, who hunt the wolves and other wild animals, dip their arrows into the juice of thefe planis, which rendersthe wounds made by them deadly. The fixth fort is the firit which flowers; this grows near four feet high, and the fpikes of flowers are up- ward of two feet long, fo that when it is in flower, it makes a pretty appearance; and being very hardy, growing in any foil or fituation, and multiplying greatly by the root, has induced many perfons to al- jow it a place in their gardens, for thë fake of its flowers, who being ignorant of its dangerous quali- ties, have permitted it to fpread and propagate greatly. It flowers in May and June. The feeds are ripe in September; but as this fort multiplies fo greatly by the root, it is rarely propagated the other way. The firft and fecond forts are the next which flower; thefe come about the middle of June, and if the fea- fon is not warm, will continue in flower till Auguit. The firft grows upwards of three feet high, and the te- cond above four, the fpikes of flowers too in this being much longer than the former. The third fort flowers a little later than either of thofe, but feldom grows more than two feet high, and the {pikes of flowers are much fhorter than either of the two laft. ` The wholefome Wolfsbane flowers in the middle of Auguft, and often continues in beauty till the middle of September ; the flowers are not fo large as thofe of fome other forts, but being of a fulphur colour, make a pretty appearance in the bani of the flower-garden. This fort will not thrive fo well under the fhade of trees as many of the other forts, and therefore mutt have an open expofure. The ninth and tenth forts fower the beginning of July. The ninth ufually grows about four feet high, but the tenth I have feen upwards of fix. This fort is at prefent very rare in Europe. It was found by Dr. Tournefort in the Levant, who fent the feeds to the royal garden at Paris, where it was firft cultivated in Europe, and from that garden, others have been fur- nifhed with the feeds. The eighth fort flowers in July. This grows about four feet high, having a long fpike of yellow flowers of a middling fize, wherefore they may be allowed a place among fhrubs, or in fuch parts of the garden as are not frequented by children. The fifth, fixth, and feventh forts flower in Auguft, when they make a pretty appearance ; and were it not for their noxious quality, would deferve a place in every garden. There are two or three varieties of the fifth fort, one with white, another with Rofe coloured, and a third with variegated flowers; but thefe are only varieties which often change. The Napellus mi- nor is alfo apt to change in the colour of its flower , of this fort I have had fome plants with variegated flowers, but they changed in two years and became plain, nor did their feeds produce any plants with va- riegated flowers. ‘Fhe feventh fort will grow to the height of five feet in good ground; the flowers are very large, but not many upon each fpike. Thefe are of a deep blue colour. All the forts of Monkfhood may be propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown in the autumn, im a fhady fituation : the plants often come up the firft-year, if ` the feeds are fown in autumn, otherwife it is the fe- cond {pring before they appear; therefore the ground fhould be kept clean from weeds all the following fummer, and when the plants come up, they fhould be watered in dry weather until they are fit.to tranf- plant; when they are to be carefully taken up, and planted in fhady borders, at the diftance of four
om
ACT
inches each way, obferving to water them until they have taken good root in the ground; after which time they will require no other care but to keep them clean from weeds, till the following autumn, when they may be tran{planted to the places where they are to remain.
The common Monktfhood will grow under the fhade of trees, in wilderneffes or woods, and will increafe faft enough by means of its creeping roots; but tho’ moft of the other forts delight in fhade, yet few of them will thrive under trees, for which reafon they fhould be planted in fhady borders which are not over- hung by trees, where they will continue much longer in flower, and thrive better than in an open expofure.
ACONITUM HYEMALE. See HEtvezsorus. ACORUS, the Sweet Ruth.
The CHaracrTers are, It bath a fimple cylindrical ftalk, which is clofely covered with {mall flowers, fo as to form a fort of katkin (or iulus). Thefe flowers have no empalement, but are compofed of fix concave obtufe petals. In the center of the flower is fituated a {welling germen, attended by fix fiamina, which are ex- tended beyond the petals, and are crowned with thick double Jummits, the germen afterward turns to a fhort triangular capfule, having three cells, in which are lodged oval oblong
eeds.
i Linnzus ranges this genus in his fixth clafs of plants, entitled Hexandria monogynia, the flowers having fix ftamina and one ftyle.
We have but one Species of this plant,
Acorus (Calamus) Roy. Leyd. 6. The fweet fmelling Flag
or Calamus. C. B. P. 34. This plant grows naturally in ftanding waters which are fhallow, and is found wild in fome parts of Eng- land ; particularly in Norfolk, and alfo near Uxbridge in Middlefex, and in feveral parts of the north. In Holland this plant abounds in moft of their ditches and ftanding waters. The leaves of this plant, when broken, fend forth a ftrong aromatic fcent; therootsare much ftronger, and have been long ufed in medicine. This may be tranfplanted into a garden, where if the ground is moift, it will grow very well; but never produces its {fpike, unlefs it grows in the water. It loves an open fituation, and will not thrive well un- der the fhade of trees. The fpikes of flowers (which are by many writers termed ( Juli) appear toward the latter end of June, and continue till Auguft. When this plant is fixed in a proper-fituation, it will multiply by its creeping roots faft enough.
Acorus verus, five calamus aromaticus.
ACRIVIOLA. See Tropz#oium. ACT AA, Herb Chriftopher.
(eS)
The CuaracrTeERs are, The empalement of the flower is compofed of four concave obtufe leaves, which fall off, the flower hath four petals which are much larger than the empalement. In the center is placed the oval germen, crowned with an oblique depreffed Stigma, attended by numercus flender ftamina, crowned with ered double roundifo fummits. After the flower is paf, the germen becomes an oval or globular berry, having one cell, in which are lodged four feeds, which are roundifb on their outfide, but angular where they are joined. Dr. Linnaeus ranges this genus under his thirteenth clafs of plants, entitled Polyandria monogynia, the flowers having many ftamina and one germen.
The Species are,
. AcTÆa (Spicata) racemo ovato fructibufque baccatis.
Lin. Sp, Plant. 504. Common Herb Chriftopher, or Bane
Berries. Chriftophoriana vulgaris noftras racemofa &
ramofa. Mor. Hif. p. 2, 8.
. Act#&a (Alba) racemo ovato baccis niveis, radice tu-
berofa. American Herb Chriftopher, with white berries. Chriftophoriana Americana baccis niveis. Mor. Hift. p. 28.
< Acta (Racemofa) racemis longiffimis fructibus uni-
capfularibus. Lin. Sp. Pl. 504. American black or wild
- Snakeroot. Chriftophoriana Americana procerior & lon-
giùs fpicata. Hort. Elth. 79. pag
The firft fort grows naturally in feveral places in the
northern counties of England: I found it in pretty great
ADA
great plenty in a wood near Kirby Lonfdale, as alfo near Ingleborough Hill in Yorkfhire. It grows two feet and a half high, the foot-{talks of the leaves arife from the root; thefe divide into three fmaller foot- ftalks, each of which divide again into three, and theie have each three lobes, fo that each leaf is com- pofed of twenty-feven lobes (or {mall leaves). The flower-{tem which arifes from the root, is garnifhed with leaves of the fame form, but are fmaller. On the top of the ftalk appears the flowers, which grow in ramofe fpikes, and are of a pure white, thefe come outin May, and are fucceeded by black fhining ber- ries about the fize of Peafe, which ripen in the autumn. This is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown foon after they are ripe; for if they are kept out of the ground till fpring, the plants will not come up till the year after, fo that a whole year will be loft. They fhould be fownon a fhady border, and kept clean from weeds. As the feeds feldom come up all at the fame time, the border in which they are fown fhould not be difturbed till the following autumn, to fee what plants may appear; when the plants fhould be traniplanted into a fhady border, where they may re- main to flower. This plant hath a perennial root, which lafts many years, but the ftalk is annual, and perifhes in autumn, foon after which is the beft time to tranfplant them. The fecond fort grows naturally in North America, from whence I have received the feeds; the leaves of this are fomewhat like thofe of the firit fort, but are not fo deeply indented on their edges. The flowers grow in a more compact fpike, and the berries are very white and tranfparent when ripe; the roots of this is compofed of thick tubers, or knobs. This is an abiding plant, and delights in a light moift foil, and a fhady iituation; it may be propagated in the fame manner as the former. The third fort is a native of North America, where it is called Black Snakeroot, to diftinguith it from the common Snakeroot. This plant hath large compound leaves, which rife immediately from the root, and are branched afterthe fame manner as the firft fort, which grow more than two feet high. The flower-ftems fre- quently rife to the height of four or five feet, being terminated by a long {pike of white flowers, which is reflexed at the top. This flowers in June, or be- ginning of July, but does not perfect feeds in England. During the time of its flowering, the plant makes a good appearance in a garden, and therefore deferves a place in the fhady borders, or among fhrubs; where, if it be not over-hung by them, it thrives very well, and being hardy, will require no other care than the fhrubs themfelves. It is generally propagated by feeds, which are annually fent from North America; it loves a moift light foil, and a fhady fituation. The root of this plant is greatly ufed by apothecaries and phyficians in America, in many diforders, and is fuppofed to be an antidote againft poifon, or the biting of the rattle-fnake. ADANSONIA, Ethiopian four Gourd, or Monkies Bread. This plant is fo named from one Mr. Adanfon, a French furgeon, who refided fome years at Senegal, in Africa, and during that time made feveral difco- veries in natural hiftory, and brought home a curious collection of feeds and plants.
The Cuaracrers are, It hath a cup-foaped empalement, divided into five fegments at the brim, which turn backward, and the empalement falls off: the flower has five roundifh petals, whofe brims are reflexed , at the tail of thefe are fituated many ftamina Joined in a tube, which {pread horizontally above, and are crowned by kidney-fhaped fummits. The germen is oval, the Styles arelong, varioufly intorted, having many hairy ftigma. It hath a large ovalligenous capfule of ten cells, filled with a farinaceous four pulp, inclofing many kidney foaped feeds. This genus of plants is ranged in the fifth fection of Linneus’s fixteenth clafs, intitled Monodelphia po- lyandria, the flowers having many ftyles which coalefce with the ftamina in one houfe.
7
ADE
There is known but one Spectres at prefent,
Apansonta. This is the Baobab. Alp. Egypt.c.27. f. 28.
The young plants, and alfo moft of the new branches, have fingle fpear-fhaped leaves towards their lower part, but at their extremities the leaves have fome three, and others five lobes, of the fame fize and form as the lower, which are difpofed like a hand; thete are entire, ending in a point, and fall off in winter. The ftems are large and woody, but of a foft texture, and have generally a large {welling near the root.
It is propagated by feeds, which muft be procured trom the country where it grows naturally (for it doth not produce any in Europe); thefe muft be fown in pots, and plunged into a hot-bed, where, in about fix weeks, the plants will come up, and in a fhort time after be fit to tranfplant ; when they fhould be each planted into a feparate pot, filled with light fandy earth, and plunged into a frefh hot-bed, obferving to fhade them until they have taken new root; after which time they fhould have free air admitted to them every day in warm weather, but mutt be fparingly watered; for as their ftems are foft (efpecially when young) too much wet will caufe them to rot. As the plants advance in their growth, they are to be fhifted into larger pots, but mutt conftantly be plunged into the bark-bed, being too tender to thrive in this coun- try without this artificial heat, therefore they muft conftantly remain in the ftove with other tender exotic plants: the plants when young make great progrefs in their growth, where they are properly treated; for in three years many of them have been more than fix feet high, and have put out feveral lateral branches, their ftems were alfo proportionable ; but after four or five years growth, they are almoft at a ftand, their annual fhoots rarely exceeding two or three inches. The account which Monfieur Adanfon gives of the trees he faw at Senegal and other parts of Africa, in regard to the fize of them is amazing, feveral of which he meafured round their ftems from fixty-five to fe- venty feet in circumference, but their height was not extraordinary. The trunks of thefe trees were from eight to twelve feet high, dividing into many hori- zontal branches which touched the ground at their extremities; thefe were from forty-five to fifty-five feet long, and were fo large in circumference, that each branch was equal to a monftrous tree in Europe; and where the water of a neighbouring river had wafhed away the earth, fo as to leave the roots of one of thefe trees bare and open to fight, they meafured one hundred and ten feet long, without including thofe parts of the roots which remained covered with earth or fand: for he defcribes the plains where the trees grow to be a barren moveable fand, fo that from its being continually fhifted by the winds, there are no tracts difcoverable, whereby perfons can be guided in travelling over them.
Profper Alpinus in his hiftory of Egyptian plants, de- {cribes this tree, to which he gives the title of Baobab, fo that it alfo grows in that country; but he does not mention any of them to be near the fize of thofe de- {cribed by Monfieur Adanfon.
There were fome plants of this fort in feveral gardens, which were raifed from feeds obtained from Grand Cairo in the year 1724, by the late Dr. William She- rard, fome of which were grown to the height of eighteen feet; but in the fevere winter 1740, they were all loft, and fince that time there has not been any of the feeds brought to England, till the return of Mr. Adanfon to Paris in 1754, who fent fome of the feeds over here, which have fucceeded, and many of the plants are now upwards of eight feet high.
ADELIA, we have no Englith title for this genus of
plants. The CHARACTERS are,
It bath male and female flowers upon different roots: the
male flowers have an empalement of one leaf cut into five
concave fegments, but no corolla, it hath many flender fta-
mina the length of the empalement, crowned by roundifh Jum-
mits. The female flowers have a five leaved concave em-
palement-which is permanent , they kave no corolla, but a
2.
3.
ADE
a roundifo germen with three fhort divaricated fiyles, and
torn fligma. The capfule bath three cells, each contain- ing one roundifh feed. i , , This gends of plants, is ranged by Dr. Linnæus, in the twelfth fection of his twenty-fecond clafs, which includes thofe which have male flowers on diftinct Jantsfrom the female, whofe ftamina joinat their bafe. The Species are, j
. Aveta (Bernardia) foliis oblongis tomentofis ferra-
tis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1473. Adelia with oblong, woolly, Jawed leaves. an ; Anetta (Ricinella) foliis obovatis integerrimis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1473. Adelia, with oval entire leaves. Apstia (Acidoton) ramis flexuofis, {pinis gemmaceis. Ameen. Acad. 5. 411. Adelia with flexible branches and prickly gems. Theié plants grow naturally in the ifland of Jamaica, and are near a-kin to the Ricinus, or Croton, but the male flowers growing upon different plants from the female, has occafioned theit being ranged in a different clafs. Dr. Houftoun conftituted a genus of them by the title of Bernardia, in honour to Dr. Ber- nard de Juffieu, demonftrator of plants in the royal arden at Paris; but Dr. Linnzeus has fixed the title of Adelia to them. The plants are propagated by feeds, when thefe can be procured from the countries where they grow, for they donot produce good feeds in England. The feeds muft be fown upon a hot- bed in the fpring, and when the plants are fit to re- move, they fhould be each tranfplanted into a feparate {mall pot, filled with light earth, and plunged into a hot-bed of tan, treating them in the fame manner as is hereafter directed for Croton. In the autumn, the pots fhould be plunged into the tan-bed in the ftove, where, if they are kept in a temperate heat in winter, and not over-watered during that feafon, the plants may be preferved, and the fummer following will pro- duce flowers; but as thefe have little beauty, the plants are feldom propagated except in botanic
ardens. Ni ENANTHERA. Prod. Leyd. 462. Baftard
Flower-fence.
The CuaRactTErs are, ii The empalement of the flower is of one leaf, flighily cut into five at the top, the flower is of the bell-fhaped kind, and is compofed of five petals, which are reflexed and con- cave on their under fide. In the center is fituated an oblong germen, fupporting a feyle crowned with a fingle ftigma ; this is aitended by ten erect ftamina of the fame length, which are crowned with roundifh fummits ; after the flower is pafi, the germen becomes a long compreffed pod, con- taining many convex Jmooth feeds, placed at a diftance from each other. Dr. Linneus ranges this genus of plants in the firft fection of his tenth clafs, entitled Decandria mono- gynia, the flowers having ten ftamina and one ger- men; but he feparates it from the Poinciana, becaufe the petals of the flower are equal, and the empale- ment is of one leaf, whereas the Poinciana hath a five leaved empalement, and the petals are unequal,
ADENANTHERA foliis decompofitis. Prod. Leyd. 462.
Baftard Flower-fence with decompounded leaves.
There is another fpecies, or at leaft a variety of this kind, with fcarlet feeds, which is at prefent’rare in this country: I received the feeds of it from India,
from which many plants have been raifed, but they '
are of very flow growth in England.
The fort here mentioned grows to a very large tree in its native country, but it is fo tender as to require a ftove to preferve it through the winter in England, fo that there are no large plants in the Englifh gar- dens at prefent ; the young plants which are not more than two feet high, have large branching leaves, com- pofed of many equal divifions, garnifhed with {mall oval leaves, which are placed alternately on the mid- rib, and are of a bright green colour. The ftems of the plants are woody, the bark of a brown colour, and the leaves continue all the year; but I have not feen any flowers produced in England as yet, but by fome dried famples which were Brought from India, they
ADO
feem to be fmall, and of little beauty ; the fine branch- ing leaves of the plant; however, make a very hand- fomé appearance in the ftove. The feeds are of a fhining black colour, and are fomewhat larger than thof of the great Lentil, and nearly of the fame fhape. This plant muft be raifed on a hot-bed, and after- wards placed in the bark-ftove with other tender exotics.
ADHATODA. See Justicia. . ADIANTHUM, i.e. Maidenhair.
rt
N
2
The CHARACTERS are, This genus is diftinguifoed from the other capillary plants by the fruétification, being confufedly joined in ovel fpots, and the points of the leaves reflexed.
The Species are,
. Aprantaum (Capillas Veneris) frondibus decompofi-
tis foliis alternis pinnis cuneiformibus lobatis pedi- cellatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1096. The true Maidenbair. Adianthum foliis Coriandri. C. B. P. 356.
. Aprantuum (Pedatum) frondibus pedata foliolis pin-
natis pinnis antice gibbis incifis fructificantibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1095. American Maidenbair, Adianthum Americanum. Corn. Canad. 7. tab. 6.
Apiantuum (Trapeziforme) frondibus fupradecom- pofitis foliolis alternis, pinnis rhombeis incifis utrinque fructificationibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1097. The largef black American Maidenkair with branching ftalks, and leaves foaped like the figure of a rbombus.
There are many, fpecies of this genus, which are natives of the Eaft and Weft-Indies, greatly dif- fering in fize and form from each other. I have up- wards of thirty diftin& fpecies in my collection of dried plants, which to enumerate in this place, would be fuperfluous, as they have not been introduced into the Englifh gardens. The three forts here mention- ed, are all that I have feen growing in England.
The firft fort is the true Maidenhair, which is directed to be ufed in medicine; but as it does not grow natu- rally in England, fo the Trichomanes is ufually fub- {tituted for it, which grows in great plenty in feveral parts of England. The other is a native of the fouth of France, Italy, and the Levant, from whence I have received the plants. ` It ufually grows out of the joints of walls, and the fiffures of rocks, fo that who- ever is inclinable to keep ‘this plant in their gardens, fhould plant it in pots filled with gravel and lime rubbifh, in which it will thrive much better than in good earth ; but the pots muft be fheltered under a frame in winter, otherwife the plants are often killed by the froft.
The fecond fort is often preferved in gardens for the fake of variety; this may be preferved in pots, and treated in the fame manner as the former; for altho’ it will live through the winter in the open air in mode- rate feafons, yet in fevere froft it is fometimes de- ftroyed. This grows naturally in Canada in fuch quantities, that the French fend it from thence in package for other goods, and the apothecaries at Paris ufe it for the Maidenhair, in all their compofitions in which that is ordered.
The third fort grows naturally in very warm coun- tries; I received it from Jamaica in a tub of earth among other plants. This fort will not thrive in Eng- land, unlefs it be preferved in a ftove, where its fhin- ing black ftalks and odd fhaped leaves will afford an agreeable variety among other exotic plants.
ADNATA, ADNESCENTIA, are thofe off-
fets, or finall bulbs, which are produced from the roots of bulbous plants, and are dotely connected to the parent root ; of this fort is the Narciffus, Amaryl- lis, Pancratium, &c.
ADONIDIS HORTI, i e._ the gardens of Ado-
nis, are plants, flowers, &c. in pots or cafes, fet on the outfide cf windows, in balconies, &c.
ADONIS, or FLOS ADONIS, Bird’s-eye, or
Pheafant’s-eye.
The CHARACTERS are, _ The empalement of the flower is compofed of five concave, obtufe, coloured leaves which fall off, the flower is com- pofed in fome fpecies of five petals, and in others of twelve
oy
hm
to
Sa
ADO
or fourteen. In the center there are many germina collected ina bead, which are attended by a great number of Jhort ficmina, crowned by oblong inflexed Juminits; after the flower is paft, the germina become Jo many naked feeds, clofely adhering to the pedicle, and forming an obtufe Jpike. ‘This genus is by Dr. Linnæus ranged in the feventh fection of his thirteenth clafs, entitled Polyandna Polyginia, the flowers having many ftamina and many germina. The Species are,
Avonis (Annua) foribus oétopetalis fructibus fubcylindricis. Hort. Upfal. 156. The common Adonis, or Flos Adonis, with finail red fiowers.
Avonis (Æftivalis) floribus pentapetalis fructibus ovatis. Annual Adonis with pale yellow flowers. Ado- nis Sylveftris flore luteo folis longioribus. C. B. P. 178. Aponis (Vernalis) flore dodecapetalo, frudtu ovato. Lin. Sp. Plant. 771. Perennial Adonis with yellow flowers, by Jome titled fennel-leaved black Hellebore. Ado- nis Hellebori radice Buphthalmi flore. H. L. There is a variety of the firft fort, which hath been long cultivated in the gardens; the flowers of this are larger, and the leaves fhorter, than thofe of the wild fort; but, from many repeated trials of fowing their feeds feparately, they appear to be only acci- dental variations arifing from culture, and therefore may be properly efteemed as fuch.
The fecond fort is undoubtedly a diftinét fpecies. I have cultivated both theie forts above thirty years, and have never obferved the fecond to vary either in the fhape of its leaves, colour, make of the flower, or growth of the plants, which are much taller than the firft, the leaves thinner, fparingly fet on the ftalks, and of a lighter colour.
Both thefe forts are annual, and if the feeds are fown in autumn, the plants will come up the following fpring ; but when the feeds are not fown till fpring, they rarely come up the fame year: fo that when the feeds are permitted to fall on the ground, they gene- rally fucceed better than when fown by art. The firft fort grows naturally in Kent, particularly by the fide of the river Medway, between Rochefter and Maid-
ftone, where it is found in great plenty in the fields |
which are fown with wheat; but in the intermediate years when the fields are fown with {pring corn, there is rarely a plant of it to be found, which fhews the ne- ceffity of fowing the feeds in autumn, for thofe fields of {pring corn, if fufered to remain unditurbed after the harveft, will abound with this plant the following year. For fome years paft, great quantities of the flowers of this plant have been brought to London, and fold in the ftreets by the name of Red Morocco. Both thefe annual forts flower in the beginning of June, and the feeds ripen in Auguft and September ; this mutt be underftood of thofe plants which arife from feeds fown in autumn, or fuch as have fallen to the ground; for when any plants come up from the feeds fown in the fpring (which fometimes happen) they do not flower till July or Auguft, and their feeds feldom ripen before October.
Thefe plants will thrive beft in a light foil, but may be fown in any fituation, fo that by fowing fome in a warm fituation, and others in the fhade, they may be continued longer in flower. The feeds ought to be fown where the plants are to remain to flower, for they do not bear tranfplanting, efpecially if they are not removed while the plants are very young : there- fore they fhould be fown in {mall patches in the bor- ders of the flower garden, and when the plants come up, they fhould be thinned, leaving three or four in each patch, which will make a better appearance than where they grow fingle.
The third fort hath a perennial root, and an annual ftalk. This grows naturally on the mountains of Bo- hemia, Prufa, and other parts of Germany, where the root is often ufed as the true Black Hellebore, though from the defcriptions given by the antients of that plant, this by no means will agree with them: this has b-en long cultivated in gardens. It produces
ESC
its flowers the latter end of March, or the beginning of April, according to the forwardnifs of the feafon: the ftalks rife about a foot and a half high, and when the roots are large, and have ftood unremoved for {ome years, they will put out a great number of ftalks from each : thefe are garnifhed with fine flender leaves, which are placed in clufters at intervals. At the top of each ftalk, is produced one large yellow flower, compofed of an unequal number of petals, the center of which is occupied by a great number of germen, furrounded by many flamina ; after the flowers drop, the germen become naked feeds, clofely adhering to the toot-ftalk, forming an obtufe fpike. Thefe ripen in Augiift, and fhould be fown foon after, otherwife they feldom fucceed.
When the plants come up, they muft be carefully kept clean from weeds, and, in very dry weather, if they are now and then refrefhed with water, it will promote their growth. They fhould remain in the place where they are fown until the fecond vear, for they make but flow progrefs while young. The beft time to tranfplant them is in autumn, when they ought to be planted where they are to remain, for if often removed, they will not produce many flowers, nor thofe flowers be fo ftrong as on the plants which are unremoved.
ADOXA. Lin. Gen. 450. Mofchatellina. Tourn. Inf. ‘Vuberous Mofchatel, or Hollow Root. This is ranged in Linnzeus’s eighth clafs, entitled C&an- dria ‘Yetragynia, the Rower having cight ftamina and four ftyles.
‘The CHARACTERS are,
The enpalement of the fower is bifid and permanent, upon which refts the germen, the flower is of cue leaf, which is
ut into four acute ferments. The germen is fituated in the center, fupoorting four ered ftyles, thefe are attended by eight famina, crowned by roundifh fummits , after the flower is paf, the germen becomes a round berry, refling on the empalement, which bath four celis, each containing a fingle compreffed feed.
There is but one Spectres of this genus.
Avoxa. Hort. Cliff. 152. Bulbous Fumitory Hellow Root,
or tuberous Mofcbatel. Radix cava minima viridi flore of Gerard. This plant grows naturally in fhady woods in divers parts of England: I have frequently gathered it on the top of Hampftead among the bufhes, near the wood; itis a very low plant, feldom rifing more than four or five inches high, the leaves refemble thofe of the bulbous Fumitory, the flower-ftalk arifes immediately from the root, upon the top of which is placed four or five fmall flowers of an herbaceous white colour ; thefe appear the beginning of April, and the berries ripen in May, foon after which the leaves decay. There is little beauty in this plant, but as fome perfons are fond of collecting the feveral kinds of plants in their gardens, which are not commonly found, it is mentioned here. The roots may be tran{planted any time after the leaves are decayed, till winter; thefe are tuberous, and fhaped fomewhat like a tooth. They muft be planted in the fhade, under fhrubs ; for if they are expofed to the open fun, they will not thrive. The leaves and flowers {mell iike Mufk, from whence it has been byfome called Mufk-Crowfoot.
ZEGILOPS, Wild Feftuc, a fort of grafs which grows naturally in many parts of Europe, fo is rarely culti- vated except in botanic gardens.
ZEGOPODIUM, Small Wild Angelica, or Goutwort ; this plant grows naturally in feveral places near Lon- don, but the roots run fo faft in a garden, as to ren- der ita troublefome weed.
JESCHYNOMENE. Lin. Gen. Plant. 769. Baf- tard Senfitive plant.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fection of
Linnazus’s feventeenth clafs, entitled Diadelphia de-
candria; the flowers of this clafs have ten ftamina,
nine of which are united, and the other is feparate.
“ihe CHARACTERS are,
The empalement of the fewer confifis of one leaf, cut
into two equal feoments, the upper being bifid, and the D lower
fE SC
lower trifid, the flower ts of the butterfly kind, the ftan- dard being large and fheart-fhaped , the two wings are oval, and foorter than the tandad; the keel is moon- foaped, and as long as the ftandard. In the bottom of the flower is fituated an oblong bairy germen, fupporting an arched fiyle, attended by ten ftamina, nine of which coa- lefte, and the other is feparated from them, after the flower is paft, the germen becomes a long, plain, jointed pod, which feparates at the joints, in each of which is lodged one kidney-/haped feed.
The Species are,
1, JEscuynomene (Ajpera) caule feabro leguminum ar- ticulis medio fcabris. Lin. Sp. Plant. 713. Baftard Senjfitive plant with a rough ftalk, and a jointed pod. Mimofa non fpinofa major Zelanica. Breyn. Cent. 51.
4. ÆSCHYNOMENE (Americana) caule herbaceo hifpido, |
foliolis acuminatis, leguminum articulis femicordatis, braĉteis ciliatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1061. Baftard Senfi- tive plant with a fringing herbaceous ftalk, pointed leaves, and the joints of the pods heart-/baped. Hedyfarum caule
hirfuito mimofz foliis alatis, pinnis acutis minimis gra- |;
mineis. Sloan: Cat. Jam.
3. Æscuynomene (Arborea) caule levi arboreo legu- minum articulis femicordatis glabris. Prod. Leyd. 384. Baftard Senfitive plant with a fmooth tree-like ftalk, and {mooth jointed pods. Sefban caule fimplici glabro, foliis pinnatis glabris, Monier.
4. ÆscHynomene (Se/ban) caule herbaceo levi, folio- lis obtufis, leguminibus cylindricis zqualibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1061. Baftard Senfitive plant with a fmooth fialk, obtufe leaves, and equal cylindrical pods. Galega Egyptiaca filiquis articulatis. C. B. P. 352.
5. ARSCHYNOMENE (Pumila) caule herbaceo levi, folio- lis acuminatis, leguminibus hinc ferratis medio fca-
bris. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1061. Baftard Senfitive plant, | with a fmooth herbaceous falk, pointed leaves, and fer- |; rated rough pods. Hedyfarum annuum minus Zeyla- }
nicum mimofe foliis. Inft. R. H. 402.
6. Æscnynomene (Grandiflora) caule arboreo, floribus } maximis, leguminibus filiformibus, Lin. Sp. Plant. |
1060. Baftard Senfitive plant with a tree-like ftalk,
large flowers, and flender pods. Galegæ affinis mala- |; barica arborefcens, filiquis majoribus umbellatis. Raii |
Hift. 1734. | . The firft {ort rifes to the height of four or five feet, having a fingle herbaceous ftalk, which is in fome partsrough, The leaves come out on every fide to- ward the top, forming a fort of head; thefe are compofed of a great number of fmall leaves (or pin- nz) which are fmooth, and of a glaucous colour. The flowers come out from between the leaves, two or three together upon long foot-ftalks; they are yellow, and fhaped like thofe of Peafe. After the flower is paft, the germen becomes a flat jointed pod, about four inches long, which, when ripe, parts at the joints, and in each divifion is lodged a fingle kid- ney-fhaped feed. The fecond fort feldom rifes more than two feet high, but fends out three or four lateral branches ; thefe are clothed with narrow winged leaves, whofe pinnz are placed alternate on the midrib. The flowers come out from the leaves upon branching foot-ftalks, five or fix together; thefe are much lefs than thofe of the firft fort, and of a paler yellow colour. After the flowers are paft, the germen becomes a jointed pod, having three or four fwelling divifions, in each of which is lodged a fingle kidney-fhaped feed. The third fort grows to the height of fix or feven feet, with a fingle ftem; the leaves are {mooth, and come out towards the top of the ftalk, as in the firft fort they are compofed of many pinnæ, placed alternate on the midrib. The flowers come out from the wings of the leaves, two or three together, being of a copper colour, and as large as thofe of the firft fort. After the flowers are paft, the germen becomes a f{mooth jointed pod, each divifion being half heart- fhaped, and inclofing a fingle kidney-fhaped feed. The fourth fort grows naturally in Egypt, and alfo on the coaft of Guinea, from whence Í received the feeds. This hath woody ftems and branches, which 7
fE SC
are garnifhed with fmooth leaves, compofed of many blunt pinnæ, fet by oppofite pairs ; the flowers, which are {mall, and of a deep yellow colour, come out from the wings of the leaves in long fpikes, which hang downward. After the flower is paft, the germen becomes a taper-pointed fmooth pod, not jointed. The fifth fort rifes about three feet high, with a fin- glé herbaceous ftalk, feldom putting out any fide branches. The flowers come outfrom the wings of the leaves, fometimes fingle, and other times two or three upon each foot-ftalk ; thefe are fmall, and of a pale yellow colour. After the flower is paft, the ger- men becomes a long falcated pod, divided into eleven, or thirteen partitions; each containing « fingle kidney- fhaped feed.
The fixth fort rifes fix or eight feet high, with a woody ftem, fending out branches towards the top, garnifhed with obtufe leaves ; the flowers are large, yellow, and fucceeded by large pods, including kidnéy-fhaped feeds.
The firft, third, and fourth forts; will live through the winter in England, if placed in a warm ftove; but as their ftalks are fucculent; they muft be kept dry in winter, otherwife they are very fubject to rot. They fhould be plunged into the tan-bed, for when put into a dty ftove, the fibres of their roots foon grow dry, and their leaves hang and fade, which fhews. their want of moifture; but when they have water given them, it caufes the tender fibres of their roots to perifh, and the plants foon after decay.
The fifth fort is annual, therefore the feeds fhould be fown early in March on a hot-bed, and the plants fhould be brought forward in the {pring, and after- wards placed in an airy glafs-cafe, or a ftove in fum- mer, for if they are expofed to the open air, the feeds rarely ripen in England. l .
The fixth fort grows to a large fhrub in hot countries, but is with difficulty preferved through the winter in this country. The plants are propagated by feeds, which muft be fown on a hot-bed in the fpring, and the plants, when fit to remove, fhould be planted in pots, and brought forward on a hot-bed, then fhould be plunged into the bark-bed in the ftove, where, if they are tenderly treated, they will live through the winter, and flower the fummer following.
Thefe are all propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown on 4 hot-bed early in the fpring, and when the plants have ftrength enough to be removed, they fhould be put each into a feparate {mall pot, filled with light earth, and plunged into a frefh hot-bed, to bring them forward, and as they advance in their growth, they fhould be fhifted into large pots, but great care fhould be taken not to over-pot them, for if the pots are too large, the plants will not thrive. The firft, fecond, and fifth forts are annual, there- fore mutt be brought forward early in the year, other- wife they will not perfeét their feeds; but the third, fourth, and fixth forts may be preferved through the winter, and will flower early the following fummer,and their feeds will ripen in the autumn. The other forts ufaally flower in july, and their feeds ripen in October.
FESCULUS. Lin. Gen. 420. The Horfe Cheftnut.
The CHARACTERS are,
The empalement of the flower conjifts of one leaf, fightly cut into five fegments. The flower is compofed of five roundifo petals, folded at their border, and waved ; thefe are narrow at their bafe, and are inferted in the empale- ment. In the center is placed a roundifh germen, having a fingle ftyle, crowned with a pointed ftigma, at- tended by feven flamina, which extend to the length of the petals, and are declining, crowned with upright fummits. When the flower is paf, the empalement becomes a thick, roundifo, echinated capfule, opening into three cells, in one or two of which are lodged globular feeds.
This genus of plants, is, by Dr. Linnaus, ranged in his feventh clats, entitled Heptandria Monogynia, the flower having fevén ftamina and one ftyle.
. The Species are,
. ÆscuLus (Hippocajtanum) floribus heptandriis. Hort.
Upfal. 92. Lhe common Horfe Cheftnat. Hippocatta- num
nN
num vulgare. Tourn. Inft. Caftanea equini. Cluf Hiit. 1. p. 7.
. EscuLus (Pavia) floribus o¢tandris. Lin. Sp. 488.
Scarlet Horje Chefnut. Pavia. Boerh. Ind. Alt. 2. p. 260. The Horfe Cheftnut was brought from the northern parts of Afa about the year 1550, and was fent to Vienna about the year 1588. It was called Caftanea from the fhape of its fruit, and the title of Equini was added to it from its being a good food for horfes when ground.
This tree was in much greater efteem formerly than at p.ctent, for fince it is become fo very common, few pericns regard it. What has occafioned its being fo teldom planted, is the decay of the leaves early in fummer; fo that where they are growing in gardens, their leaves frequently begin to fallin July, and occa- fion a-litter from that time, until all the leaves are fallen; but notwithftanding this inconvenience, the tree has great merit, for it affords a-noble fhade in fammer; and during the time of its flowering, there is no tree has greater beauty, tor the extremity of the branches are terminated by fine {pikes of flowers, fo that every part of the tree feems covered with them ; which are finely {potted with a rofe colour, and thefe being intermixed with the green leaves make a noble
appearance. l Tie former method of planting thefe trees in avenues and ftrait lines, has allo been in fome meafure the occafion of their prefent difrepute, becaufe in fuch plantations great part of their beauty. is loft; for when their branches are fo far extended as to nearly meet, moft of the flowers which are produced are hid from fight, and as the trees grow larger, their branches will interfere with each other, and produce few flow- ers; the leaves will alfo decay much fooner in clofe lantations, than on fingle trees: therefore the great bas of them is, to ftand fingly at a diftance from all other trees, upon lawns of grafs in parks, where their fruit will be of great fervice to deer, who are very fond of them, In fuch fituations, when. the trees are grown to a good fize, there is not a finer object than they will afford during their feafon of flowering, which is in May, and when the weather is moderate, they will continue in beauty near a month. As this tree is quick in its growth, fo ina few years they will arrive to a fize large enough to afford a good fhade in fummer, as alfo to produce plenty of flowers. I have known trees which were raifed from nuts, in twelve or fourteen years, large enough to fhade two or three chairs under the fpread of their branches, and have been covered with flowers in the feafon, fo that few trees make greater progrefs than thefe. But as their wood is of little value, the trees fhould not be propagated in too great plenty: a few therefore of them placed at proper diftances in parks for ornament is as many as fhould be preferved, the wood not bein fit even for burning, nor any other ufe that I know oF Thefe trees are propagated by fowing the nuts; the beft time for doing this is early in the fpring ; but the nuts fhould be preferved in fand during the winter, otherwife they are apt to grow mouldy and rot. They may indeed be planted in autumn, but then they will be in danger of rotting if the winter fhould prove very wet, as alfo of being removed or eaten by vermin. ‘When the nuts fucceed, and have a proper foil, the plants will fhoot near a foot the firft fummer; fo that where they grow pretty clofe together, it will be pro- per to tranfplant them the following autumn, when they ought to be planted in rows at three feet diftance, and one foot afunder in the rows: inthis nurfery they may remain two years, by which time they willbe fit to plant where they are defigned to be continued; for the younger thefe trees are planted out, the larger they will grow. But there are many who will object to their being planted out young in parks, becaufe they will require a fence to fecure them again{t the cattle; which will alfo be neceflary, whatever fize they are when planted; and if large, they muft be well ftaked to prevent their being difplaced by ftrong winds: which is another expence, and when we con-
Æ SC fider how much fafter a young tree will grow, than thofe which are removed at a greater age, there can be no excufe for planting large trees. This tree is not very nice in its culture, for it requires little care in the management, and wil! thrive in moft foils and fituations, but in a fandy loam they make the greateft progrefs; and if the foil be inclining to moiture, the leaves will continue in verdure much longer, than in very dry ground, When thefe trees are tran{planted, their rcots fhould be preferved as entire as poffible, for they do not fuc- ceed well, when torn or cut; nor fhould any of the branches be fhortened, for there is fcarce any tree, which will not bear amputation better than this; fo that when any branches are by accident broken, they fhould be cut off clofe to the ftem, that the wound may heal over. There is fomething very fingular in the growth of thefe trees, which is the whole fhoot being performed in lefs than three weeks, after the buds are opened ; in which time I have meafured fhoots a foot and a half long, with their leaves fully expanded: and no fooner are the flowers fallen, than the buds for the fucceeding year are formed, which continue {welling till autumn; at which time the folding covers are fpread over with a thick tenacious juice, which ferves as a pigment to defend the tender buds from the froft and rain in winter; but upon the firit return of warmth in the fpring, this melts and runs off, whereby the bud is at full liberty to extend. And what is remarkable in this pigment, itis never fo far hardened as to injure the tender buds, which: are always formed at the ex- tremity of the former year’s fhoot; a plain direction not to shorten them, for by fo doing, the future fhoots are entirely cut off. In Turkey the nuts of this tree are ground, and mixed with the provender for their horfes, efpecially thofe which are troubled with coughs, or are broken winded; in both which diforders, they are accounted very good. Deer are very fond of, the fruit, and at the time of their ripening will keep much about the trees, but efpecially in {trong winds, when the nuts are blown down, which they carefully watch, and greedily devour as they fall. There are fome old trees now ftanding, which were planted fingle, at a great diftance from any other; thefe are grown to a very large fize, and their heads form a natural parabola, and when their flowers are in full beauty, there is not any tree yet known in Europe, which makes fo fine an appearance. I have meafured fome of thefe trees, whofe branches have extended more than thirty feet in diameter, and their heads have been {o clofe, as to afford a perfect fhade in the hotteft feafons. Thefe were planted in 1679, as appears by fome writings which are in the poffeffion of the perfons, who have now the property of the land where they grow: fo that although they are of quick growth, yet they are not of fhort duration. The Scarlet Horfe Cheftnut grows naturally in North America, where it rifes to the height of twenty feet, but does not {pread its branches to any great extent, the flowers are whclly red, which are much {maller than thofe of the common fort, they are tubulous, but want brims to expand, fo make but an indifferent appearance, when compared to the other: however for variety this fhould have a place in gardens. It may be propagated by the nuts, if they are pro- cured from the country where the trees naturally grow; for the feafons are feldom favourable enough to ripen them in England. The nuts fhould be fown in pots early in the {pring, and the pots plunged into a moderate hot-bed to forward their growth ; toward the end of May, the pot fhould be plunged into the ground in a fouth-eaft border, and in dry weather the plants fhould be duly watered, whereby they will ac- quire {trength by the autumn, when it will be very proper to {creen the plants from early frofts which
‘often pinch the top buds, and occafion their decay in
the winter, for while the plants are young they are impatient of frofts, bur when they have obtained ftreagih
AGA
ftreneth it feldom’ hurts them: the {pring following the plants fhould be -carefully feparaied and planted a foot diftance from cach other in a fheltered fituation,; and the following winter, if it proves cold, it will be proper to cover the plants with fome light covering to protect them ; after the fecond winter they will re- quire no tarther iheltering.
The common method now prattifed by the nurfery- men, who propagate thefe trees for fale, is by grait- ing or budding them upon ftocks of the Horte Chett- nut, but as the ftocks greatly out-grow the buds or grafts, they have a bad appearance, nor do the trees laft long.
ÆTHER [of aide, Gr. to burn or flame; fome of
the antients having fuppofed it to be of the nature or fire.] Itis ufually underftood to be a thin fubtile matter or medium, much finer and rarer than air it- felf, which commences from the limits of the at- molphere, and poieffes the whole heavenly fpace. See ArmospHere and AIR.
AGAVE, Lin. Gen. 390. American Aloe.
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. /
8.
The CHARACTERS are,
The flower has no empalement, is funncl-foaped, and of one leaf, which is cut at the brim into fix equal feginents; the oblong germen is fituated below the flower, upon which refts the flender ftyle, whith is extended a cirfiderable length beyondthe petels, and is crowned by a three cornered fligma. This is attended by fix ereét amina, of the fame length, crowned by narrow fummits , after the flower is pofi, th: germen becomes an oblong three cornered feed veffet, having three cells, which are filled with flat feeds.
Dr. Linnaus has feparated the plants of this genus from the Aloe, to which they had been joined by for- mer botanifts, becaufe the ttamina and ftyle in thefe flowers are extended much longer than the corolla, and the corolla reft upon the germen, which in the Aloe are not fo. We may alfo mention another dife- rence in the growth of the plants, by which they may be diftinguifhed before they Hower; which is, all the plants of this genus have their center leaves clofely folding over each other, and embracing the flower ftem which is formed in the center; fo that thefe never flower until all the leaves are expanded, to give the ftem its liberty to advance, and when the flower is paft, the plants die. Whereas the flower-ftem of the Aloe, is produced on one fide of the heart or center of the plant, fo they flower annually, and the leaves are always more expanded, than thofe of this genus.
The Species are,
Acave (Americana) foliis dentato-{pinofis fcapo ra- mofo. Gen. Nov. 1102. The Great American Aloe, with a branching ftalk. Aloe Americano muricata. J.B.
Acave (Virginia) foliis dentato-fpinofis {capo fim- pliciffimo. Lin. Sp. Plant. 323. American Aloe with a Simple fialk.
Acave (Feætida) foliis integerrimis. Gen. Nov. Sp. Pl. 323. American Aloe with fliff whole leaves. Aloe Americana viridi rigidiffimo & toetido folio piet dicta indigenis. Hort. Amft. 2. p. 35.
Acave (Tuberofa) radice tuberosa foliis longiffimis marginibus fpinofis. American Aloe, with a tuberous root and very long leaves, with fpines on their edges. Aloe Americana radice tuberosi minor. Pluk. Alm. 19. Acave (Vivipara) foliis reflexis, marginibus denta- tis. American Aloe with reflexed leaves, whofe edges are indented. This is by fome called the Childing Aloe, from its producing young plants after the Howers. Aloe Americana fobolitera. Herm. H. Ludg. 16. Acave (Karatto) foliis ereétis late virentibus, mar- ginibus fulcis minimé ferratis. American Aloe with long deep green leaves, edged with brown, and very flightly fawed. This is cailed in America Karatto.
Acave (Vera Cruz) foliis oblongis marginibus fpino- fifimis niericantibus. American Aloe with cblong leaves, whofe edges are clofely befet with black fpines, commoniy called Broad-leaved Aloe from Vera Cruz. Aloe America- na ex Veri Cruce foliis latioribus & glaucis. H. L.
‘Gave (Aidz) foliis lineari-lanceolatis integerrimis
Narrow-leaved Aloe from
riericth ec ava it al
leo terminatis.
AGA
Vera Cruz. Aloe Americana ex Vera Cruce foliis anguftioribus mints glaucis. Hort. Beam. The firk fort here mentioned, has been long pre- ferved in the Englih gardens, where of late years there have been feveral of the plants in flower. The {tems of this when the plants are vigorous, generally rife upward of twenty fcet high, and branch out on every fide, fo as to form akind of pyramid, the flen- der {hoots being garnilhed with greenifh yellow fow- ers, which ftand ereét, and come out in thick clufters at every joint. Theie have fix long ftamina, crown- ed with yellow fummits, placed round the ftyle, which is alfo extended to the tame length as the ftamina. After the flowers fall away, the germen, which is fi- tuated beneath the flower, becomes an oblong trian- gular veflel, divided into three cells, filled with com- prefied feeds; but thefe do not come to maturity in England. When thefe plants flower, they make a fine appear- ance, and continue a long time in beauty, if they are protected from the cold in autumn, as there will bea {uccefiion of new flowers produced, for near three months, in favourable feafons. It has been generally believed, that this plant doth not flower until it is. a hundred years old, but this is a great muiitake, for the time of its flowering depends on the growth of the plants; fo thar in hot countries whist Uy grow foft, and expand meny leaves every featon, they wil Hower in afew years, but in colder climates, where their growth is flow, it will be much longer before they {hoot up their ftem. There is a variety or tv% fort with itriped leaves, which is now pretty common in the Engl:h gardens. The plants of the fecond fort are fo like thofe of the firit, as not to be diftinguifhed from them, bui by good judges. The principal difference is, wie leaves of this are narrower toward their extremity, and of a paler colour : the {tems of this fort do not rife fo high as the firft, nor do they branch in the fame manner, but the flowers are colleéted into a clofe head at the top, they are however of the fame fhape and colour. There has been three or four plants of this fort, which have lately flowered in England, one of which was in the Chelfea garden a few years palt. This fort feldom puts out fo many offsets as the common Aloe. The feventh fort greatly refembles thefe, fo that many perfons have fuppofed it to be the fame; but the leaves of this are much thinner, the indentures on their edges abundantly clofer, and not fo deep, as in either of the former; the fpines too are blacker. How this differs from the others in flower I know not, having feen none of their flowers produced inEngland. Thete three forts are hardy. 1 have known plants of the firft fort live in the open air for fome years in mild feafons, but in fevere winters they are always killed, if not fheltered. They are propagated by offsets, which the firft fort fends out in pienty, but the third feldom puts out any; fo thefe may be increafed by taking off fome of the larger roots, at the time when the plants are fhifted, planting them in pots filled with light fandy earth, which will fhoot out and be- come good plants, as I have experienced. The fe- cond fort generally puts out fuckers enough for pro- pagation, though not in fo great plenty as the firft. All thefe fhould be planted in pots filled with light fandy earth, and houted in winter with oranges, myr- tles, &c. and during that feaion, fhould have but lit- tle wet. In the fummer they muft be placed abroad in the open air, where they may remain till toward the end of October, when they fhould be houfed again. The feventh fort beinga little tenderer than the other two, fhould be put into the green-houfe before them, and may ftay there a little longer in the fpring. The third fort hath long narrow {tiff leaves, of a pate green colour, not indented on their edges, but tre- quently a little waved : the fide leaves fpread open, but thofe in the center foid clofely over each other, and ftrictly furround the bud. The plants of this fort rarely grow more than three feet high, but the flower- ftem riles near twenty, and branches out much like that
AGA
that of the firft, but more horizontally , the flowers are of the fame fhape, but fmaller, and of a greener colour. After the flowers are paft, inftead of feed- veffels, young plants fucceed to every flower, fo that all the branches are clofely befet with them. There was a plant of this kind which flowered in the Chelfea garden 1755, the ftem of which begun to fhoot the beginning of October, and by the end of that month was upwards of ten feet high, by the end of Novem- ber it was near twenty, and the lower lateral branches were upward of four feet long, the others decreafing gradually, fo as to form a regular pyramid. In De- , cember the ftalks were clotely garnifhed with flowers, and in the {pring, when the fowers dropped off, they were fucceeded by young plants, which as they fell off and dropped into the pots which ftood near, put out roots and become good plants. ‘This fort never produces offsets from the root, fo that it cannot be in- creafed but whefh it flowers, at which time there will be plenty enough. The old plant prefently after dies.
The fourth fort hath leaves fomewhat like the third in fhape and colour, but they are indented on their edges, and each indenture terminates in a fpine; the root of this fort is thick, and fwells juft above the fur- face of the ground, in other refpeéts it agrees with the former. This fort hath not flowered in England, therefore I cannot tell how it differs in its fowers from the other. Į have raifed this from feeds which were fent me from America, but the plants never put out fuckers from the roots, fo that it can only be propz- gated by feeds. Dr. Linnæus fuppofes it to be the fame with the third fpecies, but whoever fees the plants will not doubt of their being different.
The fifth fort never grows to a large fize; the leaves of it are feldom more than a foot and a half long, and about two inches and a half broad at their bafe ; thefe end ina flender fpine, being flightly indented on their edges; they are alfo reflexed backward toward their extremity, and are of a dark green colour. ‘The flower-{tem rifes about twelve feet high, and branches out toward the top in the fame manner as the third fort; the flowers are nearly of the fame fize and co- lour as thofe of the third, and after they fall off, are fucceeded by young plants in the fame manner. A plant of this kind flowered in the garden at Chelfea, in December 1754. This never produces any fuckers from the root, fo cannot be increafed until it Howers. The leaves of the fixth fort are from two feet and a half to three feet long, and about three inches broad, being of a dark green colour, ending in a black {pine ; the borders of the leaves are of a brownifh red colour, and flightly ferrated. Thefe ftand more ereét than in the other {pecies; but as this fort hath not flowered in England, fo I cannot fay how it differs from the other. The plants of it were fent me from St. Chrif- topher’s, by the title of Koratto, which I fuppofe is given indifferently to other fpecies of this genus ; for I have frequently heard the inhabitants of America call the common great Aloe by the fame name.
The eighth fort hath long, narrow, ftiff leaves, which are entire, and are terminated by a {tiff black fpine. Thefe leaves are feldom more than two feet long, and little more than an inch broad, being of a glaucous colour. The fide leaves ftand almoft horizontally, but the center leaves are folded over each other, and inclofe the flower-bud. ‘This fort never puts out fuckers from the root, nor have I feen any plants of this kind in flower, although there are many of them in the Englith gardens, fome of which are of a con- fiderable age.
The third, fourth, fifth, fixth, and eighth forts, are much tenderer than the others, fo cannot be preferved through the winter in England, unlefs they are placed in a warm ftove; nor will they thrive if fet abroad in iummer, therefore they fhould conftantly remain in the ftove, obferving to let them enjoy a great fhare of free air in warm weather. They require a light fandy earth, and fhould have little wet in winter; but in varm weather, may be gently watered twice a week,
AGE which is as often as is neceflary ; for if they have much water given them, it rots their roots, and then their leaves will decay and infects infeft them. They fhould be fhifted every fummer into frefh earth, but mutt not be put into large pots, for unlefs their roots are confined, the plants will not thrive.
AGERATUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 842. Baftard
i
N
Hemp Agrimony.
The Cuaracrers are, The flowers are included in cne common oblong empale- ment, which is compofed of many fiales. Thefe are uni- form, tubulous, and hermapbredite, and little longer ihan the empalement, each being cut at their margin into five Segments, which fpread open. Thefe have five flender fia- mina, crowned with cylindrical fummits : in the center of the flower is fituated an oblong germen, fupporting a flen- der fiyle, crowned by two fine fligmas. The germen after- werd becomes an oblong angular feed, crowned with its preper little cup, cut into five narrow Segments, which Spread cpen. The receptacle of the feed is fall, naked, and convex. This genus of plants is by Dr. Linneus ranged in his feventeenth clafs, entitled Syngenefia polygamia æ- qualis, the flowers having their ftamina joined together in acylinder, and there being male, female, and her- maphrodite florets included in the fame common em- palement. j
The Species are,
. Acrratum (Conyzoides) foliis ovatis caule pilofo. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 839. Baftard Hemp Asrimony, with oval leaves and a hairy ftalk. , Eupatorium humile Africa- num fenecionis tacie folio lamii. Herm., Pars 161.
. Acrratum. (Houftonianum) foliis oppofitis petiolatis
crenatis, caule hirfuto. Beftard Hemp Agrimony, with leaves having long ftoot-ftalks placed oppofite, whofe edges are bluntly indented, and a beiry ftalk. Eupatorium herbaceum’ meliff folio villofum flore: cceruleo.
Houtt. MSS.
- Acrratum (Altifimum) foliis ovato cordatis rugofis
floralibus alternis, caule glabro. Lin. Sp. Plant. 839. Boftard Hemp Agrimony, with rough, oval, heart-foaped leaves, flower branches growing alternate, and a fmooth falk. Eupatorium urticz foliis Canadenfe flore albo. H. L. The two firft are annual plants. The feeds of thefe muft be fown on a hot-bed in the {pring, and when the plants are come up and are {trong enough to re- move, they fhould be tranfplanted into another mo- derate hot-bed, obferving to water and fhade them until they have taken root, after which time they muft have a good fhare of air in warm weather. In June they fhould be’ inured to bear the open air, toward the middle of which month, they may be tranfplanted into the full ground, where they will begin to flower in July, and continue flowering till the frofts in au- tumn deftroy them. The feeds ripen in September and October, and when any of them {catter upon the ground, and the fame earth happens to be put on a hot-bed the following fpring, the plants will come up in great plenty, as they frequently do in the open air ; but thefe plants will be too late to produce good feeds, unlefs the fummer proves warm. The firft fort grows naturally in Africa, and alfo in the iflands of Ameri- ca; for in tubs of earth which I received with plants from Jamaica, Barbadoes, and Antigua, I have had plenty of the plants arife, from feeds which were feat- tered on the ground. The fecond fort was found growing naturally at La Vera Cruz, by the late Dr. William Houftoun, who fent the feeds to Europe, which have fo well fucceeded in many gardens, as to become a weed in the hot-be!s. There is a variety
: of this with white flowers, which arifes from the fame
feeds. The third fort grows naturally in North America, but has been many years an inhabitant of the Englith gar- dens. This hath a perennial root and an annual ftalk ; theftalks will grow five or fix feet high, and toward their tops put out fide branches : the leaves are fhaped like aheart. At the ends of the fhoots the flowers are pro- duced in large tufts, which are of a pure white; ors thefe
AGR
thefe appearing in October, at a feafon when there is a {carcity of other flowers, renders it more valuable.
This fart is propagated by feeds, as alfo by parting of the roots; the latter method is commonly practifed in England, becaufe there are few autumns fo favour- able as to ripen the feeds: but the feeds are frequent- ly brought trom North America, where this plant is very common ; for being light, they are eafily wafted about to a great diftance, where they come to matu- rity ; fo that where there are any plants growing, all the adjoining land is filled with the feeds of them.
The beft time for planting and tranfplanting the roots of this plant, is in autumn, foon after their ftalks de- cay, that they may have good root before the drying winds come on, otherwife they will not flower ftrong, or make a good increafe. The roots fhould be allowed three feet room every way, for as they fpread and in- creafe very much, fo when they are cramped for room, the plants ftarve, and in dry feafons their leaves will hang. They delight ina rich moift foil and open fituation, wherethey will produce many ftalks fromeach root, which will grow {o large as to form aconfiderable brufh. This plant will bear the fevereft cold in winter.
AGERATUM, or MAUDLIN. See Acnitiea. AGERATUMPURPUREUM. See Ermus. AGNUS CASTUS. See Vitex. ii AGRIFOLIUM. See Iex. AGRIMONIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 534. Agrimony.
mm o-
Or
The CHARACTERS are, The empalement of the flower is of one leaf, which is cut into fice acute Jegments, and refts on the germen. The flower has five petals, which are plain and indented at their extremity, but are narrow at their bafe, where they are inferted in the empalement. In the center arifes a double fiyle, refting on the germen, which is attended by twelve ‘fiender ftamina, which are crowned with double compreffed fummiis. After the flower is paft, the germen becomes fwo roundifb feeds faftened to the empalement. This genus of plants is ranged by Dr. Linneus in the fecond feétion of his eleventh clafs, entitled Do- decandria digynia, the flowers having twelve ftamina and two ftyles.
The Species are,
. Acrimonia (Eupatoria) foliis caulinis pinnatis impari
petiolato, fruétibus hifpidis. Hort. Cliff. The common Agrimony. Agrimonia officinarum. Tourn.
. Acrimonta (Minor) foliis caulinis pinnatis, foliolis
obtufis dentatis. The white Agrimony. Agrimonia minor flore albo. Hort. Cath. i
. Acrimonia (Odorata) altifimu, foliis caulinis pin-
natis foliolis oblongis acutis ferratis. The /weet-fcented Agrimony. Agrimonia odorata. Camer,
Acrimonia (Repens) foliis caulinis pinnatis, impari fefili, fruétibus hifpidis. Lin. Sp. 643. Eaftern Agri- mony with pinnated leaves and a thick creeping root. A- grimonia orientalis humilis radice craffiffima repente fructu in fpicam brevem & denfam congefto. Tourn. Cor. l
. Acrimonta (Agrimonoides) foliis caulinis ternatis fruc-
tibus glabris. Hort. Cliff. 179. Three leaved Agrimony with fmooth fruit. Agrimonoïdes Col. Echpr.
The firk fort grows naturally in feveral parts of Eng- Jand, by the fides of hedges, and in woods. ‘This
is the fort which is commonly ufed in medicine, and |-
is brought to the markets by thofe who gather herbs in the fields. The fecond fort is the fmalleft of all the fpecies; the
` leaves of this have not fo many pinnz as the common
fort, and the pinne are rounder, and the indentures on their edges blunter. The fpike of flowers is flen- der, and the flowers fmaller, and of a dirty white co-, lour. This fort grows naturally in Italy, from whence I received the feeds, and have conftantly found that the feeds of this when fown never vary.
The third fort grows near four feet high ; the leaves of this have more pinnz than either of the former, which are longer and narrower, ending in acute points ; the
' ferratures of the leaves are fharper than any of the
other, and when handled emit an agreeable odour. The leaves of this fort make-an agreeable cooling tea,
AGR
which is a very good beverage for perfons in a fever, in which diforder I have known it often prefcribed by good phyficians. The fourth fort is of humble growth, feldom rifing above two feet high; the pinna of its leaves are longer and narrower than either of the former, and the {pikes of flowers very fhort and thick. The roots of this are very thick, and fpread widely under ground, by which it multiplies fafter-than either of the other ; the feeds are alfo much larger and rougher than thofe of the common fort. This was fent by Dr. Tourne- fort to the royal garden at Paris, and from thence the other botanic gardens have been fupplied with them. The fifth fort greatly refembles the other in the fhape of its pinna (or fmaller leaves) but there are but three upon each foot-ftalk ; the flower of this hath a double empalement, the outer one being fringed. There are but feven or eight ftamina in each flower, and the feeds are {mooth, for which reafon Fabius Columna, and other writers on botany, have feparated it from the Agrimony, making it a diftinct genus. All thefe forts are hardy perennial plants, which will thrive in almoft any foil or fituation, and require no other care but to keep them clear from weeds. They may be propagated by parting of their roots, which ould be done in autumn, when their leaves begin
- to decay, that the plants may be well eftablifhed be-
fore the fpring. They fhould not be planted nearer than two feet, that their roots may have room to fpread. They may alfo be propagated by feeds, which thould be fown in autumn, for if they are kept out of the ground till fpring, they feldom come up the fame feafon.
AGROSTEMMA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 516. Wild
Lal
O
Lychnis or Campion.
The CHARACTERS are, The empalement of the flower is permanent, of one leaf, which is tubulous, thick, and. cut into five narrow feg- ments at the edge, the flower is compofed of five petals, which are the length of the tube, but fpread open at the top. In the center is fituated an oval germen fupporting five ftyles, which are flender, erett, and crowned with Simple ftigma. Thefe are attended by ten flamina, five of which are inferted in the bafe of the petals, and the others ftand alternately between : after the flower is paft, the ger- men. becomes an oval oblong capfule, having one cell open- ing into five divifions, which is filled with angular feeds. This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnaeus ranged in the fifth fe€tion of his tenth clafs, entitled Decandria pentagynia, the flowers of this divifion having ten fta- mina and five ftyles.
The Species are,
. AcrostemMa (Githago) hirfuta calycibus corollam
zequantibus petalis integris nudis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 435. Hairy wild Lychnis, whofe empalement is equal with the corolla, and the petals entire and naked, commonly called Corn Campion. Lychnis fegetum major. C. B. P.
. Acrostemma (Celirofa) glabra foliis lineari-lanceola-
tis petalis emarginatis coronatis. Hort. Upfal. 115. Smooth wild Campion with narrow fpear-fhaped leaves, and the petals of the flowers indented at their brim. Lych- nis foliis glabris calyce duriore. Bocc. Sic. 27.
. AcRrosTemMA (Coronaria) tomentofa foliis ovato-lan-
ceolatis, petalis integris coronatis. Hort. Upfal. 115. The fingle Rofe Campion. Lychnis coronaria Diofcori- dis fativa. C. B. P. 203.
AcrostemMa (Flos Jovis) tomentofa petalis emarg'- natis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 436. Umbelliferous Mountain Cam- pion. Lychnis umbellifera montana Helvetica. Zan. Hift. 128.
The firft fort grows naturally in the corn fields in moft parts of England, fo is feldom admitted into gardens. The fecond fort grows naturally in Sicily, and being a plant of little beauty, is only preferved in botanic gardens for the fake of variety.
The fingle Rofe Campion has been long an inhabitant of the Englifh gardens, where, by “its feed having fcattered, it is become a kind of weed. There are three varieties of this plant, one with deep red, another with flefh-coloured, and a third with white flowers,
7 but
AIR but thefe are of fmall efteem; for the double Rofe Campion being a fine flower, has turned the others out of molt fine gardens. ‘The fingle forts propagate faft enough by the feeds, where they are permitted to fcatter, for the plants come up better from felf-fown feeds, than when they are fown by hand, efpecially if they are not fown in autumn. The fort with double flowers, which is a variety of the former, never produces any feeds, fo is only pro- pagated by parting of the roots; the beft time for this is in autumn, after their flowers are paft; in doing of this, every head which can be flipped off with roots fhould be parted. Thefe fhould be planted in a bor- der of freh undunged earth, at the diftance of fix inches one from the other, obferving to water them gently until they have taken root; after which they will require no more, for much wet is very injurious to them, as is alfo dung. In this border they may re- main till fpring, when they fhould to be planted into the borders of the flower-garden, where they will be very ornamental during the time of their flowering, which is July and Auguit. The fifth fort grows naturally upon the Helvetian mountains; this is a low plant, with woolly leaves , the flower-ftem rifes near a foot high; the flowers grow in umbels on the top of the ftalk, whichare of a bright red colour. It flowers in July, and the feeds ripen in September. It muft have a fhady fituation, and will thrive beft ina moift foil. AIR [Aer, Lat.’ Arp, of të as pev, becaufe it always flows; or as others, of dai, to breathe.| By air is meant all that fuid expanded mafs of matter which furrounds our earth, in which we live and walk, and which we are continually receiving and cafting out again by refpiration. The fubftance whereof air confifts, may be reduced to two kinds, viz. 1. The matter of light or fire, which is continually flowing into it from the heavenly bodies. 2. Thofe numberlefs particles, which is in form ei- ther of vapours, or dry exhalations, are raifed from the earth, water, minerals, vegetables, animals, &c. either by the folar, fubterraneous, or culinary fire.
Elementary air, or air properly fo called, is a certain.
fubtile, homogeneous, elaftic matter, the bafis or fun- damental ingredient of the atmofpherical air, and that which gives it the denomination.
Air therefore may be confidered in two refpects ; ei- ther as it is an univerfal affemblage, or chaos,~of all kinds of bodies; or as it is a body endued with its own proper qualities.
1. That there is fire contained in all air is demonftra- ble, in that it is evident, that there is fire exifting in all bodies, and to this fire it is that air feems to owe all its fluidity ; and were the air totally divefted of that fire, it is more than probable that it would coa- lefce into a folid body’ for it is found by many expe- riments, that the air condenfes and contracts itfelf fo much the more, the lefs degree of warmth it has ; and, on the contrary, expands itfelf the more, accord- ing as the heat is greater.
2. In refpect of exhalations, air may be faid to be a ge- neral collection of all kinds of bodies ; for there are no bodies but what fire will render volatile, and difperfe into air; even falts, fulphurs, and ftones, nay and gold itfelf, though the heavieft and moft fixed of all bodies, are convertible into vapours by a large burn- ing-glafs, and are carried on high.
Thole floating particles, thus raifed from terreftrial bodies, are moved and agitated by the fiery particles divers ways, and are diffufed through the whole at- mofphere.
Of the matters thus raifed in the atmofphere, thofe which come from fluid bodies, are properly called va- pours, and thofe from folid or dry ones, exhalations. The caufe of this volatility and afcent is. the fire, without which all things would fall immediately down ie the center of the earth, and remain in eternal reit.
‘Thus, if the air be full of vapours, and the cold fuc-
AIR ceeds, thefe vapours before difperfed are congregated and condenfed into clouds, and thus fall back again into the form of water, rain, fnow, or hail. From the time of the entrance of the fpring till au- tumn, the evaporation is conftant; but then it begins to fail, and in the winter ceafes, to lay up frefh mat- ter for the coming feafon. And thus it is that frofty winters, by congealing the waters, and by covering the earth with a cruft; and thus imprifoning the exhalations, make a fruitful fummer. And this feems to be the reafon why in fome coun- tries, where the winter is feverer than ordinary, the {pring is more than ordinary fruitful; for in fuch places the exhalations being pent up along time, are difcharged in the greater quantity, when the fun makes them a paflage,; whereas, under a feebler cold, the flux would have been continual, and confequently no great {tock referved for the next occafion.
-This vaporous matter then being at length received
into the atmofphere, is returned again in the form of rain, a forerunner of a chearful crop.
As the fun retires, the cold fucceeds, and thus the diverfity of the feafons of the year depends on a change in the face of the cruit of