Vol. 53 APRIL 1977 No. 2 THE Pan-Pacific Entomologist POINAR — Observations on the kelp fly, Coelopa vanduzeei Cresson in Southern California (Diptera: Coelopidae). 81 CHENG — The Elusive Seabug Hermatobates (Heteroptera). 87 TIDWELL and PHILIP — A New Bolbodimyia from Mexico’s Central Plateau (Diptera: Tabanidae). 98 MAYER and JOHANSEN — Cautharidin from Meloe niger Kirby (Coleoptera: Meloidae). 101 YOUNG — Notes on the Biology of Hypothyris euclea in Costa Rica (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). 104 LANGSTON and MILLER — Expanded distribution of earwigs in California (Dermaptera). 114 HARTMAN and HYNES — Biology of the range crane fly, Tipula simplex Doane (Diptera: Tipulidae). 118 CHEMSAK — New Neotropical Tillomorphini in the genus Tetranodus Linell (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). 124 SIEGFRIED et al. — The Adults of Oroperla barbara (Needham) (Plecoptera: Perlodidae). 126 POTTS — Revision of the Scarabaeidae: Anomalinae 3. A Key to the Species of Anomala of America North of Mexico (Coleoptera). 129 PINTO — Descriptions of the First Instar Larvae of Three Species of Epicautine Blister Beetles (Coleoptera: Meloidae). 135 SMETANA — A New Species of the Genus Cryptopleurum Muls. from Central America (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae). 142 DAILEY — Elevation of Loxaulus brunneus variety atrior (Kinsey) to full species status (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). 145 PAULSON and GARRISON — A List and New Distributional Records of Pacific Coast Odonata. 147 ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE. 86 SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 103,113,123,144 EDITORIAL NOTICE. 146 HISTORICAL NOTE. 117 CORRECTION. 97 SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1977 Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST EDITORIAL BOARD T.D. Eichlin, A.R. Hardy, Co-Editors C.M. Walby, Editorial Asst. P.H. Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer H.B. Leech H.V. Daly E.S. Ross E.G. Linsley Published quarterly in January, April, July and October with Society Proceedings appearing in the January number. All communications regarding nonreceipt of numbers, requests for sample copies, and financial communications should be addressed to the Treasurer, Dr. Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California94118. Application for membership in the Society and changes of address should be ad¬ dressed to the Secretary, Larry Bezark, c/o Department of Entomology, California State University, San Jose, CA. 95120 Manuscripts, proofs and all correspondence concerning editorial matters should be addressed to either Dr. Thomas Eichlin or Dr. Alan Hardy, Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 1220 “N” St., Sacramento, 95814. The annual dues, paid in advance, are $12.00 for regular members of the Society, $7.00 for student members, or $15.00 for subscription only. Members of the society receive The Part-Pacific Entomologist. Single copies of recent numbers are $3.75 each or $15.00 a volume. Write to the treasurer for prices of earlier back numbers. Make all checks payable to Pan-Pacific Entomologist. The Pacific Coasi Entomological Society OFFICERS FOR 1977 R.E. Stecker, President Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer C. Dailey, President-Elect L. Bezark, Secretary Statement of Ownership Title of Publication: The Pan-Pacific Entomologist. Frequency of Issue: Quarterly (January, April, July, October). Location of Office of Publication, Business Office of Publisher and Owner: Pacific Coast Entomological Society, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118. Editors: T.D. Eichlin and A.R. Plardy, Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, California Dept, of Food and Agriculture, 1220 N St., Sacramento, California 95814. Managing Editor and Known Bondholders or other Security Holders: None. Second Class Postage Paid at San Francisco, California and additional offices. Publication #419440 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Vol. 53 APRIL 1977 No. 2 Observations on the kelp fly, Coelopa vanduzeei Cresson in Southern California (Coelopidae: Diptera) George O. Poinar, Jr. Division of Entomology and Parasitology, University of California, Berkeley 94720 The kelp fly, Coelopa vanduzeei Cresson, occurs along the Pacific coast from Baja California to Kodiak, Alaska (Cole, 1967). This fly becomes numerous on beaches in southern California in late summer and causes general annoyance to bathers and others frequenting the seashore. Adult flies swarm over stranded kelp on the beach and literally darken the sand with their numbers. Observations made on a beach in southern California during the summer and winter months show this fly to have a behavioral pattern different from that reported in other parts of California (Kompfner, 1974). Materials and Methods Field observations were made during the months of August, December and January (1974 and 1975) on a San Diego County beach located in the town of Solana Beach, California. The beach is com¬ posed almost entirely of sand which abuts against steep sandstone cliffs. Large kelp beds which occur just offshore supply a continual source of wrack on the beach. The kelp forming the majority of the wrack beds are the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera; the elk kelp, Pelagophycus porra; and the feather-boa kelp, Egregia sp. Mature larvae and puparia of C. vanduzeei were observed directly on the beach and collected for laboratory studies by washing infested beach sand through window screen. Adults were collected with a net and maintained in cages with washed beach sand. Results All stages of C. vanduzeei were found in or under the kelp during the study period. The adults probably occur on the beach throughout The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:81-86. April 1977. Fig. 1. Small clump of kelp harboring developing larvae of C. vanduzeei. Note adults of C. vanduzeei on the sand adjacent to the seaweed. Fig. 2. Adults of C. vanduzeei clustering on seaweed. VOL. 53, NO. 2, APRIL 1977 83 the year, although their populations in winter are much lower than in late summer. Whereas larvae and puparia are common in December, many adult flies appear to be in a state of diapause. During the day, they can be found clustering under seaweed at the high tide level, and during the night many occur in crevices or protected areas on the sandstone cliffs. During the month of August, the flies emerge over a 1-2 week period and literally cover the beach, not only clustering on washed-up seaweed, but alighting indiscriminately on sand and bathers (Figs. 1 & 2). They were especially attracted to bird droppings and marine invertebrates that were washed ashore. The white, elliptical eggs were deposited singly or in small groups in the kelp piles (Fig. 3). The females generally sought out the moist seaweed at the bottom of the wrack piles. Eggs were usually only deposited on seaweed at the high tide level and rarely on kelp stranded in the middle or lower tide zone. This may be because the eggs are only lightly attached to the seaweed and are easily washed off. However, they hatch very quickly, often within 24 hours at temp¬ eratures reached at the study site (90°F). The newly hatched larvae may tunnel through the fleshy parts of the seaweed or simply grove the outside portion of the plant, as is typical of the older larval instars. In August, the larvae prefer to feed on kelp covered with 1-2 inches of sand, probably because the exposed portions quickly desiccate in the hot, dry climate. This also serves to protect them from being washed out to sea. During December and January, the larvae can be found feeding within the exposed kelp mass. The mature third instar larvae collect together in clusters just under the surface of the sand near the kelp piles. When the latter are turned over and the first few inches of sand removed, the sand literally moves with maggots. Their presence is indicated by the activities of shore birds such as the western willet, Catopthrophorus semipalmatus and marbled godwit, Limosa fedoa, which will come to the high tide level or even above to feed on larvae of C. vanduzeei. Other enemies of larval kelp flies were mainly staphylinid beetles, especially Cafius seminitens. This predator was extremely abundant and could be collected in large numbers by digging a cylindrical hole (30 cm deep) in the sand near the fly larvae. Amphipods were also found associated with larvae of C. vanduzeei. The larvae pupate in the upper few centimeters of sand and the adult flies emerge in 5-6 days. Most mature larvae collected in August ranged from 8-10 mm in length. The puparium is usually dark brown and about 5 mm long. The waves wash them out of the sand where they collect conspicuously on the beach (Fig. 4). The adult flies range from 3.5 - 5.0 mm in length, and in the fall began mating soon after emergence. At least a portion of the adult winter population appears to be in diapause. The adults were restricted to the immediate beach area and were never recovered from refuse near adjacent homes. 84 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Fig. 3. Eggs (arrow) of C. vanduzeei attached to seaweed. Fig. 4. Mature third-stage larvae and puparia of C. vanduzeei. VOL. 53, NO. 2, APRIL 1977 85 Discussion It is interesting that Egglishaw (1960) reported largest numbers of Coelopa frigida and C. pilipes in England during the autumn and winter months. This was associated with the comparatively larger masses of wrack washed up on shore in the fall. The situation, is reversed in southern California. Aside fromjhe increased temperature, there are two other factors which probably play a role in the summer’s produc¬ tion of large numbers of flies. Large kelp beds just off shore are com¬ mercially harvested throughout the summer. This results in masses of kelp fragments which are washed on the beach and provide food for the flies. Also, from time to time during the summer months, the wrack is pushed aside by bulldozers to maintain a clean swimming area. In so doing, large piles of seaweed which become half buried in the sand above or at the high tide level provide an ideal breeding habitat for C. vanduzeei and other flies. The adults then become a general nuisance to people, alighting on their bodies and are some¬ times seen around the eyes of children. It is known that adult kelp flies from several coast sites in Australia carry a virus. Scotti et al (1976) comment that this virus appears most common in winter when the adult flies are gregarious. The host range of this virus has not completely been determined. The importance of C. vanduzeei and other kelp flies in ridding the beaches of seaweed should also be mentioned. Egglishaw (1960) mentioned that stalks of the seaweed, Laminaria that were not at¬ tacked by larvae of C. frigida, withered and dried up, but stalks with feeding larvae quickly decomposed, indicating that larval activity greatly helped decomposition of the wrack. Thompson in Egglishaw (1960) found that larvae of C. frigida did not survive well if only a few were present, and suggested that numerous larvae may be necessary to provide an attractive feeding environment. This may explain, in part, why Coelopid flies are usually seen in large numbers. Kompfner (1974) reported that in Monterey Bay, California, C. vanduzeei occupied the lower beach wrack banks. The present studies showed that during August, most activity occurred in the kelp piles at the upper beach banks. This variation could result from the different physical environment of the two beaches, however it would be interesting to know if behaviorial races of this kelp fly species occur. Acknowledgments The author thanks Mr. and Mrs. H. Baltz for providing living facil¬ ities during these investigations. Thanks are also extended to W. N. Mathis, of Oregon State University for identification of the flies and to W. G. Evans, of the University of Alberta for identification of the staphylinid beetles. 86 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Literature Cited Cole, F.R. 1969. The Flies of Western North America. Univ. Calif. Pres, Berkeley. 693 pp Egglishaw, H. 1960. Studies on the family Coelopidae (Diptera). Trans. Roy. Entomol Soc. London, 112:109-140. Kompfner, H. 1974. Larvae and pupae of some wrack dipterans on a California beach Pan-Pac. Entomol., 50:44-52. Scotti, P.D., A.J. Gibbs and N.G. Wrigley 1976. Kelp fly virus. J. Gen. Virol., 30:1-9. ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE ANNOUNCEMENT A.N.(S) 101 The required six months’ notice is given of the possible use of plenary powers by the International Commission on Zoological No¬ menclature in connection with the following names listed by case number: (see Bui. Zool. Norn. 33,parts 3 & 4, 31 March 1977). Z.N.(S.)2157 Goniurellia Hendel, 1927 (Insecta, Dip¬ tera, TEPHRITIDAE): designation of type-species. Z.N.(S.)2168 Siphonophora Fischer, 1823 (Bryozoa), status of: Siphonophora Brandt, 1837 (Diplopoda, Polyzoniida), validation of. Z.N.(S.)2170 Pieris castoria Reakirt, 1867 (Insecta, LEPIDOPTERA): proposed suppression. Z.N.(S.)2173 Culex loewi Giebel, 1862 (Insecta, Dip¬ tera, CULICIDAE): request for suppress¬ ion so as to conserve Toxorhynchites brevipalpis Theobald, 1901. Comments should be sent in duplicate (if possible within 6 months of the date of publication of this notice), citing case number to: R.V. Melville, The Secretary International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature c/o British Museum (Natural History) Cromwell Road, LONDON SW7 5BD, England. Those received early enough will be published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. The Elusive Sea Bug Hermatohates' (Heteroptera) Lanna Cheng Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, 92093 Although the genus Hermatobates was first established in 1892, the nine known species have hitherto been represented by only 14 type specimens and the females of only two species have been des¬ cribed (Table 1). In no case has a species been described from more than three specimens. Several sea-going entomologists have sought these elusive sea-bugs, but few have been successful and it is quite apparent that these insects are rare. Although clearly distinct from other known marine hemipterans as a generic entity, Hermatobajes was included in the family Gerridae by all the earlier authors, al¬ though, its affinities to the other genera are unclear. Matsuda (1960), in his monograph of the World Gerridae, excluded Hermatobates from the family on the basis of several important structural differ¬ ences, notably the completely fused meso- and meta-thorax in the male, the highly modified meso-notum with lateral lobes in the female, the three-segmented tarsus of all the legs, the granulated appearance of the eyes, and the presence of a scent gland opening on the dorsal surface. The insects are certainly very different from the Gerridae and should be treated as a separate family (Andersen and Polhemus, 1976). However, until we can establish the systematic importance of various characteristics it is difficult to decide the phylogenetic rela¬ tionships of Hermatobates to other aquatic Heteroptera. Systematics and Review of Literature Carpenter (1892), who discovered these insects, described the genus Hermatobates on the basis of a single male specimen, which he named H. haddoni, collected from coral reefs off the Australian coast. Since his specimen was very different from all other known gerrids, he suggested assigning it to a special subfamily (Hydro- metridae in his paper). A second species, H. djiboutensis , was added by Coutiere and Martin (1901a), who in the same year (1901b) des¬ cribed a third, Hermatobatodes marchei, and created a new subfamily, Hermatobatinae, to include these two genera (1901c). Bergroth (1906) found that these two genera were distinguished merely by sexual differences, since the two earlier species were only known from the males, and therefore synonymised Hermatobatodes with Hermato¬ bates. H. marchei was synonymised with H. haddoni (Esaki, 1947) but the earlier name was later resurrected by China (1957), who des- 'This paper was originally accepted for publication in Pacific Insects (see Cheng, 1976); it has been with¬ drawn owing to printer's problems at that journal. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:87-97. April 1977. 88 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Fig. 1. Hermatobates hawaiiensis male, dorsal view. Fig. 2. Hermatobates hawaiiensis fe¬ male, dorsal view (scale bar = 1 mm). cribed three more species, H. hawaiiensis, H. walkeri, and H. weddi (1956, 1957),and constructed a key to the six known species (1956). Two more species, H. breddini and H. tiarae, were added by Herring (1965) and yet another was described by Cheng (1966, 1969), bringing the total number of known species in the genus to nine. Since most of the species were described from one or two type specimens (see Table 1), and substantial intraspecific variations were found among specimens examined in this study, it is impossible to construct a meaningful key to the species at present. Distribution The recorded localities of all nine Hermatobates species are shown on Map 1. They are widely distributed, with representatives collected from the Indian, Pacific, and the Atlantic Oceans. However, six of the nine described species are known from only the type localities. Of the remaining three, H. djiboutensis has been collected from Djibouti and the Maidive Islands (Phillips, 1959), H. hawaiiensis appears to be confined to the Hawaiian Islands, whereas H. haddoni has been re¬ ported from Troughton Island (14° 45’S, 125° 10’E, Arafura Sea; Walker, 1893; Carpenter, 1901), Monte Bello Island (China, 1957), the Ryukyu Islands (Esaki, 1947), and Tahuata in the Marquesas Islands (China & Usinger, 1950) in addition to its type locality (Mabuiag Island). The Tahuata record was based on only one nymph, of which the specific identity has been questioned by Herring (1965), as has that of the specimens from New Caledonia and the Ryukyu Islands. In an earlier paper, Esaski (1935) himself expressed uncertainty as to the identity of the specimens, but he later decided that they belonged to H. haddoni (1947). Since at that time no other Pacific species had VOL. 53, NO. 2, APRIL 1977 89 been described, and since all other known Hermatobates species are rather restricted in their distribution, we cannot verify the presence of this species in the Ryukyus and New Caledonia until Esaki’s specimens can be reexamined or until other collections from these localities become available. The other records of this species, from the Marquesas, Palmyra and Christmas Islands (Herring, 1965; China, 1956),were all nymphs, hence their specific identity could not be ascertained either. More recently some specimens of Hermatobates have been col¬ lected from Low Isles, Australia, but they have not been identified to species (Marks, 1971). During several recent collecting expeditions specimens of Hermatobates were collected from localities where it has not been previously reported: Enewetak Atoll, Fiji, Tonga, New Caledonia, Heron Island and Magnetic Island off the coast of Queens¬ land, Australia, and Pulau Salu off Singapore. In Enewetak, Fiji and Tonga adults attracted to lamps at night were netted as they skated towards the light. They were caught at or shortly before low tide. Collections at Enewetak were made at Japtan and Medren Islands from dinghies anchored near wooden piers several hundred meters offshore, in the vicinity of live corals. In Fiji, the insects were caught near the Marine Science Institute, University of South Pacific, Suva, beside a pier encrusted with barnacles and surrounded by coral rubble. In the main harbour of Nuku Alofa, Tonga, some specimens were caught when attracted to a light hung over a stone pier 3 meters wide, several hundred meters long, about 100 meters from shore and level with the reef flat; others were caught by random sweeps under an overhanging shelf near the light on the leeward side of the pier; none were caught from the windward side. These collections probably represent yet other new species which will be described at a later date. General Structure All known specimens of Hermatobates, like those of Halobates, are wingless. The bodies of adults are dark brown or black, and mea¬ sure 2.5 to 4 mm in length and about 1 to 2 mm in width. The nymphs are brown, but otherwise are similar to the adults in general structure. The body and all the legs are covered with fine hairs. The head is ex¬ tremely short and more rounded anteriorly than that of Halobates, giving the insect a somewhat oval shape (Figures 1 & 2). The eyes have a granulated appearance owing to-the pronounced convexity of the individual ommatidia, whereas in Halobates the outer surfaces of the lenses are rather flat and form a continuous surface. The Her¬ matobates eyes further differ from those of Halobates in posessing long, thin inter-ommatidial hairs or setae, similar to those on other areas of the head of the insect (Figure 3). Such eye setae have been observed in some terrestrial insects by Hinton (1970), who suggested 90 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Fig. 3. Surface of eye showing inter-ommatidial hairs (stereoscan electron micrograph scale bar = lOO^m). that they are simply extensions of the cephalic receptor system, and do not obstruct incident light normal to the ommatidia. In some beetles such setae may help to make the eyes less conspicuous to predators (Hinton, 1970), but what function these setae may serve in the sea bug is unknown. The pronota of these insects are very short. In the male, the meso- and meta-nota are completely fused and extend posteriorly to cover several of the fused anterior abdominal segments (Figure 1). In the female, some of the anterior abdominal segments are exposed be¬ tween the lateral lobes of the mesonotum (Figure 2). The front legs of the males of several species of Hermatobates are evidently modified for grasping, and bear one or more large, tooth¬ like tubercles in addition to smaller teeth. The tarsi of all the legs are three-segmented, although the first segment is very short. This character further distinguishes adult Hermatobates from other Gerridae, although during the nymphal stages the tarsi are not seg¬ mented. All distal tarsal segments bear strong claws, which are sub- apical on the front tarsus but apical on the mid and hind tarsi (Figure 4). Such claws, on both sexes, suggest that these bugs could easily cling to rocks or other objects. The middle legs are about the same length as the hind legs which are held almost at the tip of the abdomen, while in Halobates the middle legs are about 1.5 times as long as the hind legs, which are held halfway up the abdomen. VOL. 53, NO. 2, APRIL 1977 91 Fig. 4. Stereoscan electron micrograph of mid-tarsal claws (scale bar = 50 ^m). Biology Our knowledge on the biology of these sea-bugs has hitherto been based on only three field observations, by Walker (1893), Esaki (1947) and Usinger & Herring (1957). Both Walker and Esaki found them together with other marine insects on coral reefs which are sub¬ merged at high tide. Walker found his specimens of Hermatobates under a dead Tridacna shell, where there was also a spider; some specimens of the ocean-strider Halobates were also found, in nearby salt pools left by the receding tide. Esaki found his Hermatobates at low tide ‘walking’ on the coral reefs or moving on the surface of tide pools in a manner rather different from that of other gerrids. He did not see them at high tide, and assumed that they hide in crevices or under shells. They were found together with many Halovelia septen- trionalis (Veliidae), an unidentified collembolan and an unidentified staphylinid beetle. He also noted that marine midges (Clunio paci- ficus and C. setoensis) were abundant nearby. The types of H. weddi and H., walkeri were both collected from coral reefs; those of H. Map 1 Distribution of Hermatobates spp. showing type localities (o) and other collecting records for H. haddoni (A). THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST VOL. 53, NO. 2, APRIL 1977 93 breddini and H. tiarae were collected at sea under lamps, as were the specimens collected off the Singapore coast. Our first daylight glimpse of Hermatobates was in Noumea, New Caledonia, where these insects appeared as small silvery objects moving extremely fast over the surface of the water amongst Sar- gassum weed half exposed at low tide. Individual specimens ap¬ peared very suddenly and disappeared with equal suddenness. The first was caught after much patient waiting and fast chasing, but, once we discovered what to look for, several additional specimens were captured on two subsequent days at low tide, when the water was calm. However, no insects came to the light of lanterns hung over the water at high tide in the same locality at night. On Heron Island we found adults as well as nymphs of Hermato¬ bates at low tide during daylight hours in the afternoons, but we en¬ countered none at our lights at night (when the winds were higher and the sea surface choppy). Adults were found skating over fast¬ flowing rivulets of ebbing seawater between large boulders at the ridge of the reef-flat, i.e., at the outer edge of the reef where the boulders are first exposed at receding tides. To our great surprise, we also found nymphs of various stages clinging to the undersides of such boulders, associated with Halovelia, Collembola, staphylinid beetles and mites. As the water ran off the overturned rocks many of the insects began to move, while others remained motionless, en¬ closed in air-bubbles. It is possible that normally, as the tide recedes and the boulders became exposed, such nymphs will crawl out from their hiding places to feed, and indeed we found several of them moving over the surface of small rock pools when the tide was at its lowest level, though they became rarer and disappeared as the tide began to rise. None were seen at high tide, when presumably the insects would have crawled under boulders and survived enclosed in air bubbles until the next low tide. We could not directly observe them to do so, since such small insects (less than 2mm in size) can¬ not be watched in the splashing waters of an incoming tide. When living specimens were set in a laboratory aquarium supplied with dried pieces of corals and then artificially flooded, they simply rose to the surface and swam or rested with bunched up legs on the water. When bits of dead Tubipora musica (organ-pipe coral) were supplied as substrate, the insects readily crawled into the tubes even without flooding. On Magnetic Island, specimens of Hermatobates were col¬ lected in conditions more or less similar to those on Heron Island. All the collections were made at low tide during the day: here, too we were unable to do any night collecting. From such observations we deduced that the Hermatobates col¬ lected previously at night lights on the open ocean were ‘strays’, the natural habitats of these sea-bugs being coral rubble, as indicated by Esaki (1947), and rocks in the low intertidal. At low tide they come out to feed on small animals among intertidal rocks and algae, and at 94 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Fig. 5. Portion of thorax, showing microtrichia (stereoscan electron micrograph, scale bar = lO^m). high tide they hide in crevices or under boulders, enclosing them¬ selves in air bubbles much in the same way as do intertidal veliids and saldids (Andersen and Polhemus, 1976; Polhemus, 1976). If, however, they cannot find a resting place under water before the tide rises, they can swim or rest on the water surface for many hours. We were able to keep specimens in the laboratory on seawater for more than 5 days without their showing any ill effects. It is possible that in some areas, and at times when weather conditions are rough, the incidence of ‘straying’ on the sea surface can be quite high. Among surface plankton tows made in open waters off Hawaiian shores, in the course of a study of larval fish, 23 samples contained Hermatobates hawaiiensis: in one sample, 8 insects had been netted in less than 10 minutes (Cheng, unpublished data.). Discussions Hermatobates appears ideally suited to an intertidal coral reef existence. It has large eyes, presumably adapted for vision in air rather than in water (Figure 3); strong claws for clinging to algae- covered rocks (Figure 4); and a well developed plastron (Figures VOL. 53, NO. 2, APRIL 1977 95 Fig. 6. Microtrichia at higher magnification (stereoscan electron micrograph, scale bar = 5^m). 5 & 6) similar to that of freshwater gerrids (Cheng, 1973). The strongly developed front femora, found in males of several described species, are probably adaptations for clinging to the females. Their legs, in contrast to those of Halobates, are more adapted for walking over rocks than for skating over water. Although they can skim extremely quickly over water, their movements are mainly confined to short dashes as they skate from boulder to boulder; presumably they do not travel over large expanses of water as do Halobates (Cheng, 1974). When chased they often make for the nearest rock, cling to it and remain stationary; under such circumstances they are very hard to see, Halobates is unable to do so. They can also jump well; adults leaping from a water surface reach a height of 5-6 cm. Since these insects may have to come out and feed at low tide during rain storms, experiments were carried out on the effects of reduced salinity on their activities. We detected no difference in the behavior or viability of insects kept on seawater or on freshwater over a 24-hour period. Their ability to withstand submersion was tested by keeping insects fully immersed in boiled (deoxygenated) and unboiled sea¬ water. In the former, they ceased to move within 10-15 minutes; if 96 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Table 1. Type specimens of Hermatobates spp. with type localities. Species Author, Year No., Type Type Locality breddini Herring, 1965 1 male Woodbridge Bay, Dominica British West Indies djiboutensis Coutiere & Martin, 1901a 1 male Djibouti, Red Sea haddoni Carpenter, 1892 1 male Mabuiag Island, North Australia hawaiiensis China, 1956 1 male, 2 females Coconut Island, Hawaii marchei Couti&re & Martin, 1901b 1 male Honda Bay, Philippines singaporensis Cheng,1976 1 male, 2 females Singapore tiarae Herring, 1965 1 male Tuamoto Archipelago, French Oceania walkeri China, 1957 2 males Arafura Sea, N.W. Australia weddi China, 1957 1 male Monte Bello Islands then released and blotted dry, they regained their mobility in 10-15 minutes. If left in boiled seawater for more than 30 minutes, however, they died. Insects submerged in ordinary seawater remained mobile for at least 6 hours; when then released and dried, they became fully active in 10-15 minutes. Nymphs appeared to withstand submersion much better than adults, remaining mobile under water for longer periods of time and, when released, regaining mobility within shorter periods of time. Although our knowledge of the biology of these elusive sea bugs is still rather fragmentary, now that their normal habitats are known (i.e., coral rubble or reefs of tropical island shores) and the best times and methods for capturing them have been established, they may not remain so apparently rare or elusive for long. Acknowledgments I wish to thank the Mid-Pacific Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaii, for providing travel funds and living and research facilities at Enewetak; the Roche Institute of Marine Pharmacology, Australia, for providing accommodation and research facilities on Heron Island; the Department of Marine Science, James Cook University, for laboratory facilities; and Ralph A. Lewin for assistance in the field. Literature Cited Andersen, N. M. & J. t. Polhemus. 1976. Water-striders (Hemiptera: Gerridae, Veliidae, etc.). In Marine Insects (ed.) L. Cheng, pp. 187-224. North-Holland, Amsterdam. Bergroth, E. 1906. Systematische und synonymische Bemerkungen iiber Hemipteren. Wiener Ent. Z. Vienna. 25:1-12. Carpenter, G. H. 1892. Reports on the zoological collections made in Torres Straits by Professor A.C. Haddon, 1888-1889: Rhyncota from Murray Island and Mabuiag. Proc. R. Dublin Soc. (new ser.) 7:137-146. VOL. 53, NO. 2, APRIL 1977 97 Carpenter, G. H. 1901. The insects of the sea — VI. Knowledge 24: 245-248. Cheng, L. 1966. A curious marine insect, Hermatobates. Malay. Nat. J. 19(5) 283-285. Cheng, L. 1973. Marine and freshwater skaters: differences in surface fine structures. Nature 242(5393)'. 132-133. Cheng, L. 1974. Notes on the ecology of the oceanic insect Halobates. Mar. Fish. Rev. 36(2): 1-7. Cheng, L. 1976. A new species of Hermatobates (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 52: 209-212. China, W. E. 1956. A new species of the genus Hermatobates from the Hawaiian Is¬ lands (Hemiptera-Heteroptera, Gerridae, Halobatinae), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, ser. 12, 9(101): 353-357. China, W. E. 1957. The marine Hempitera of the Monte Bello Islands, with descriptions of some allied species. J. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. 40(291): 342-357. China, W. E. & R. L. Usinger. 1950. Hermatobates haddoni Carpenter from the Mar¬ quesas Islands (Hemiptera: Gerridae). Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc. 14: 53. Coutifere, H. & J. Martin. 1901a. Sur un nouvel Hemiptere halophile, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris. 4(s6r. 1): 172-177. Coutiere, H. & J. Martin. 1901b. Sur un nouvel Hemiptere halophile, Hermatobatodes marchei, n. gen., n. sp. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris. 5: 214-226. Couti&re, H. & J. Martin. 1901c. Sur une nouvelle sous-famille d’H§mipteres marins, les Hermatobatinae. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris. 132: 1066-1068. Esaki, T. 1935. Insect fauna on the coral reefs in the Yaeyama Islands. Zool. Mag. (Dobutugaku Zassi) 47:140-141 (in Japanese). Esaki, T. 1947. Notes on Hermatobates haddoni Carpenter. Mushi 18(7): 49-51. Herring, J. L. 1965. Hermatobates, a new generic record for the Atlantic Ocean, with descriptions of new species (Hemiptera: Gerridae). Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 117: 123-129. Hinton, H. E. 1970. Some little known surface structures. [In] Insect Ultra-structure (ed.) A. C. Neville, pp. 41-58. Blackwell Sci. Publ., Oxford. Marks, E. N. 1971. Australian marine insects. Aust. Nat. Hist. 17:134-138. Matsuda, R. 1960. Morphology, evolution and a classification of the Gerridae (Hemip¬ tera: Heteroptera). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 41(2): 25-632. Phillips, W. W. A. 1959. Notes on three species of marine Hemiptera taken in Addu Atoll, Maidive Islands, between October, 1958, and April, 1959. Ent. Mon. Mag. 95: 246-247. Polhemus, J. T. 1976. Shore bugs (Hemiptera: Saldidae, etc.) [In] Marine Insects (ed.) L. Cheng, pp. 225-262. North-Holland, Amsterdam. Usinger, R. L. & J. L. Herring. 1957. Notes on marine water striders of the Hawaiian Islands (Hemiptera: Gerridae). Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc. 16(2): 281-283. Walker, J. J. 1893. On the genus Halobates, Esch., and other marine Hemiptera. Ent. Mon. Mag. 29: 225-232. Correction — Hippomelas Plant Associations In a recent article on this subject (Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 52:272-285), the authors quote G.H. Nelson (in litt.)( p. 279) as confirm¬ ing that Hippomelas planicauda Casey has been consistently taken on "Acacia. ’’ This should have read " Mimosa " as the data in the preced¬ ing paragraph indicate. — E.G. Linsley. A NEW BOLBODIMYIA FROM MEXICO’S CENTRAL PLATEAU (Diptera: Tabanidae) M.A. Tidwell Apartado Aereo 5390 Cali, Colombia and Cornelius B. Philip California Academy of Sciences San Francisco 94118 Three species of the New World genus Bolbodimyia are known presently to occur in Mexico including B. atrata (Hine) from west central Mexico and Arizona, B. dampfi Philip from southern Mexico and Guatemala and the more recently described B. lampros Philip and Floyd (1974) from Chihuahua. An adult female of a fourth species, distinct from those included in Stone’s (1954) and Fairchild’s (1964) papers, was reared from a larva collected in El Chico National Park on Mexico’s Central Plateau approximately 100 Km northeast of Mexico City. The description of this female and the pupa is given below. We are pleased to name this species for the collector, Luis Bermudez, who with his wife Ema, was of special assistance to the senior author during his stay in Mexico. Bolbodimyia bermudezi, new species A robust, entirely black-bodied species with black vestiture except for conspicuous pre-alar patches of silky pale yellow hairs, face and genae golden orange, and wing subhyaline with a sharply contrasting black costal border nearly to apex. Scapes shining black, expanded ventrally. Holotype female, 15mm in length. Head flattened, a little wider than thorax. Eyes pilose, background color dark green with lower2/3 containing numerous shining reddish irregular spots. Frons (Fig. la) nearly bare, height slightly more than 2 times basal width, blackish, expanded below, with a shining black, swollen basal callosity filling slightly less than the lower third and scarecely connected on the lateral margins to a broad black median callus above. Lateral margins of frons, area between basal and median cal I i and upper margin of median callus with fine gray pollinosity. Lateral margins of frons from upper portion of basal callus to vertex with reclining balck hairs directed mesally. No ocelli. Subcallus bare, shining black, inflated. Face and genae golden orange pollinose with concolorous hairs. Antennae (Fig. 1b) blackish with basal portion of plate somewhat lighter in coIof; scape shining black and swollen below with numerous stout bristles; pedicel with a dorsal tooth; plate approximately 1/4 longer than style. Palpi (Fig. 1c) black with concolorous hairs. Body entirely subshining black with black hairs except for pre-alar patches of pale yellow hairs. Legs black including tarsi, tibiae not noticeably swollen, hind tibial fringes black, not accentuated. Wing (Fig. Id) subhyaline with contrasting black costal border a little more expanded posteriorly than in related B dampfi, reaching vein R 4 + 5, and apical hyaline crescent smaller. Vein R4 strongly curved forward. Basicostas bare. Halteres dark brown. Type locality. — MEXICO: Hidalgo, El Chico National Park, approximately 20 Km north of Pachuca, 8 June 1974. Luis and Ema Bermudex. Holotype in the California Academy of Sciences. No. 12785. Collected as larva. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:98-100. April 1977. I VOL. 53, NO. 2, APRIL 1977 99 Fig. 1. Bolbodimyia bermudezi, female, a. Frons. b. Antenna, c. Palp. d. Wing. Fig. 2. Pupa of B. bermudezi. a. Frontal plate, b. Terminal aster. The adult female is readily differentiated from females of B. dampfi by the distinctly pilose eyes, presence of the golden-orange pilosity of the face, the lighter colored pale yellow pre-alar patches not extending on to the pleura, tarsi basally and antennal plates darker; the first basal cell (cell R) of wing mostly subhyaline and lacking the complete infuscation as found in 8. dampfi. 100 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Critical differences preclude thisbeing the unknown, possibly dichromatic female of B. lampros including black not reddish flagella, prealar lobes but not upper pleura yellow, and wing infuscation restricted to costal areas in contrast to remainder of wing. The larva of B. bermudezi was collected in moss on rocks in running water. The collectors reported that the substrate was made up of an association of mosses, Polytrichum sp.; liverworts, Marchantia sp.; and Cieraceae, Cyperus spp. The principal trees and plants in the area includd fir, Abies reiigiosa\ Umblliferae including Hydrocotyle ranunculoides ; and various Compositae. The adult emerged 2 March 1975. The pupal case was preserved in excellent condition; however, the larval exuvium was not recovered. Pupa. — Length 21 mm, frontal plate (Fig. 2a) with area between antennal sheaths strongly inflated; antennal ridges prominent, separated by a median cleft; height of ridge at cleft approximately 0.5 mm; each ridge subdivided by an indentation, the median portion larger with a heavily sclerotized, unusually pointed crest; frontal ridges distinct; callus tubercles prominent, 0.4 mm high on lateral margins tapering mesally; antennal sheaths reaching well beyond epicranial suture; anterior and posterior orbital tubercles prominent, the posterior tubercles more so. Thoracic spiracles 0.4 mm, elongate C- shaped. V 2 Fringes of abdominal segments 2-7 with well-developed spines, progressively longer on posterior segments, length of spines on dorsum generally about 0.4 mm long on segment 2, grading to about 1.0 mm on segment 7; shorter spines present on all segments usually situated slightly anterior to longer spines. Terminal segment (Fig. 2b) with dorsal and lateral combs continuous totaling 18 and 20 spines including minute spines; ventral combs with 7 and 10 spines. The pupal case was compared with 2 female pupal cases of B. astrata from Arizona provided through the courtesy of Dr. John F. Burger, University of New Hampshire. B. bermudezi is easily separated by having the area between the antennal sheaths more inflated and antennal ridges at cleft nearly twice the height of those in B. atrata. Frontal ridges present and well developed; callus and orbital tubercles prominent with longer spines. The immature stages of B. atrata will be presented in a paper by Burger in press at this writing. Literature Cited Fairchild G.B. 1964. Notes on Neotropical Tabanidae (Diptera) IV. Further new species and new records for Panama. J. Med. Entomol., 1:169-185. Philip C.B. and L. Floyd. 1974. New North American Tabanidae XXI. Another new Bolbodi- myia from Mexico. Pan-Pacific Entomol., 50:145-147. Stone, A. 1954. The genus Bolbodimyia Bigot (Tabanidae, Diptera). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 47: 248-254. Cantharidin from Meloe niger Kirby (Coleoptera: Meloidae) D. F. Mayer and C. A. Johansen 1 Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman 99163 Meloidae are the source of the medicinal drug cantharidin, com¬ monly called Spanish fly. It has been generally assumed that all Meloidae with the possible exception of the tribe Horiini contain cantharidin (Selander, 1960; Pinto and Selander, 1970). However, much of the early literature is inaccessible and some of the early identifications are ambiguous. Actual analytic data are available for only about 33 of about 2,000 species, most of them belonging to the genera Epicauta and Mylabris (Dixon et a/., 1963; Carrel and Eisner, 1974.) During a 4-year study of Meloe niger Kirby, a predator of the alkali bee, Nomia melanderi Cockerell, we tested for cantharidin in adult beetles. We believe this is the first positive analysis for cantharidin from a North American species of Meloe. Methods and Procedures Adult M. niger were collected from the field during March and April, 1976 and transported to the laboratory alive. Blood samples obtained from reflex bleeding were treated accord¬ ing to Carrel and Eisner (1974), and tested for cantharidin. Whole adults were ground in dry ice with a mortar and pestle and extracted with chlorform according to a method modified from Dixon et. al. (1963). Samples were injected into a Hewlett-Packard 5700A gas chro¬ matograph. Two columns were used: a 1.83 m (6 ft) coil of 10% sili¬ cone rubber SE-30 on chromsorb W Aw 80-100 mesh, and 2) a 1.52 m (5 ft) coil of 5% OV1 gaschrom Q. A oven temperature of 200°C. was used. Results and Discussion The presence of cantharidin in M. niger was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry from both blood samples and whole beetles with peaks corresponding to authentic pure cantha¬ ridin (supplied by Inland Alkaloid Co.). Blood contained 57 mM and whole beetles an average of 0.88 mg (0.12% of body weight) cantha¬ ridin. The only previous, authenticated record of cantharidin in Meloe is Dixon et. al. (1963) in the European Meloe proscarabeus L. at 2mg (0.187% of body weight). Interestingly, Shimano et. al. (1953) tested 1 Work conducted under Washington Agricultural Research Center Project No. 0147, Scientific Paper No. 4680. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:101-103. April 1977. 102 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST for cantharidin in the Asiatic spp. Epicauta gorhami Marseul and Meloe auriculatus Marseul, finding it in the former but not the latter. Westwood (1839) also states that some Meloe are not servicable in medicine (i.e. do not contain cantharidin). Apparently, all Meloe do not contain cantharidin. When disturbed, Meloidae respond by reflex bleeding, which con¬ sists of the emission of blood from the leg joints while the beetle remains immobile (death feigining). Male M. niger e mit a maximum of 1 to 2 fil and females 8 to 10 p I. Male blood is a distinct red color and female blood a light yellow. Reflex bleeding is thought to be a non- glandular chemical defense mechanism with cantharidin, which is toxic to vertebrates and insects, functioning as a feeding deterrent. We have never seen reflex bleeding or death feigning by M. niger under natural conditions, but have observed it in the laboratory by hitting adult beetles a sharp rap with a probe and in the field when collecting and handling the beetles. The general assumption is that vertebrates associate the delayed, noxious effects of cantharidin with the insect eaten and learn to dis¬ criminate against it (Carrel and Eisner, 1974). There is very little specific evidence of predation of Meloidae (Selander, 1960; Pinto and Selander, 1970) and we have not observed any predation on adult M. niger. In feeding tests, Meloidae have been refused as food with¬ out first becoming sick by baboons and falcons (Marshall, 1902); monkeys (Carpenter, 1921); lizards (Pritchell, 1902) and green sunfish (Tafanelli and Bass, 1968). This would suggest the “becoming sick- learning to discriminate” mechanism is not operating. A possible mechanism, suggested by Eisner (1970), is a chronic debilitating effect on predators into a species from which the tendency to cap¬ ture the lethal prey is entirely selected out. This would call for a high order of selection pressure. When placed near an ant colony (Formica obscuripes Forel), most adult beetles were able to escape without feigning death, though they were attacked by the ants. In one instance, we held the beetle among the ants until they punctured the beetle’s abdomen. Ants that came in contact with blood from the puncture immediately backed away and began cleansing activities. The ants eventually succeeded in killing the beetle, but they did not use it for food. Carrel and Eisner (1974) found this same type of cleansing response by Pogonomyrmex occidentalis Cresson from contact with the blood of Epicauta brunnea Werner. They also established that cantharidin is a feeding deterrent to some insect predators and not others. Meloid blood, due to the cantharidin, causes redness, pain, and blistering when applied to the human skin. We have not found this reaction in 10 humans that have contacted the blood of M. niger. Cantharidin in M. niger blood may be tightly bound to lipoproteins and therefore may not enter the human skin. The concentration of VOL. 53, NO. 2, APRIL 1977 103 cantharidin in M. niger blood is 57 mM, and this greatly exceeds the solubility of cantharidin in water. Alternatively, M. niger blood may contain a pharmacologically active principle which counteracts the effects of cantharidin. Literature Cited Carpenter, C. D. H. 1921. Experiments on the relative edibility of insects with special reference to their coloration. Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond., 69:1-106. Carrel, J. E., and I. Eisner. 1974. Cantharidin: potent feeding deterrent to insects. Science, 183: 755-757. Dixon, A. F. G., M. Martin-Smith, and S. J. Smith. 1963. Isolation of cantharidin from Meloe proscarabeus. Can. Pharm. J., Sci. Sect., 96: 501-503. Eisner, T. 1970. Chemical defense against predation in arthropods, p. 157-217. IN Sondheimer, E., and J. B. Simeone (ed.), Chemical Ecology. Academic Press, New York. Marshall, G. A. K. 1902. Five years’ observations and experiments (1896-1901) on the bionomics of South African insects chiefly directed to the investigation of mimcry and warning colours. Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond., 50: 287-584. Pinto, J. D., and R. B. Selander. 1970. The bionomics of blister beetles of the genus Meloe and a classification of the new world species. Univ. III. Biol. Mono. 42, 222 pp. Pritchell, A. H. 1903. Some experiments in feeding lizards with protectively colored insects. Biol. Bull., 5: 271-287. Selander, R. B. 1960. Bionomics, systematics, and phylogeny of Lytta a genus of blister beetles (Coleoptera, Meloidae). Univ. III. Biol. Mono. 28, 295 pp. Shimano, T. M., M. WJizujo, and T. Boto. 1953. Cantharidin and free amino acids in Epicauta gorhami and similar insects. Ann. Proc. Gifu Coll. Pharm., 3: 44-45. (Chem. Abstr. 59: 13308g). Tafanelli, R. J., and J. C. Bass. 1968. Feeding response of Lepomis cyanellus to blister beetles (Meloidae). Southwest Natur., 13: 51-54. Westwood, J. O. 1839. An introduction to the modern classification of insects, vol. 1. London. SCIENTIFIC NOTE Note on the Distribution and Host Relationship of Idiomelissodes duplocincta (Cock¬ erell) in Mexico (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). — On 9 and 10 September 1976 I collected bees from blossoms of Ferocactus sp. (probably F. wislizenii (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose) growing in ornamental plantings on the campus of the Unidad Noroeste del Instituto Tecnologico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey. The site is located 14 km. south of Ciudad Obregbn (ca. 27° 29’ N, 109° 56’ W) in the irrigated and heavily farmed Yaqui Valley of Sonora. I made collections between 1130 and 1200 on both days, and on September 10, I took one female of the little known eucerine bee, Idiomelissodes duplocincta (Cockerell) from an open blossom of one of the cacti. Idiomelissodes duplocincta has been recorded in Mexico from Chihuahua and Coahuila by LaBerge (1956, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 37: 911-1194) and from Baja California Sur by Zavortink (1975, Pan-Pacific Entomol. 51:236-242). Zavortink reported the ecological relationship of this deserticolous bee to Ferocactus wislizenii on the basis of observations made by him in Arizonaand New Mexico. My collection is the first record of Idiomelissodes duplocincta in the Mexican state of Sonora, and it helps to confirm the use of Ferocactus as a pollen source by this bee. Thanks are due to Dr. Juari M. Mathieu, Director of the Unidad Noroeste at Ciudad Obreg6n, for his kind hospitality during my visit to that institution and to Dr. Wallace E. LaBerge of the Illinois Natural History Survey at Urbana for confirming the identity of the bee. — JOHN K. BOUSEMAN, Illinois Natural Flistory Survey, Urbana, Illinois 61801. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:103. April 1977. Notes on the Biology of Hypothyris euclea in Costa Rica (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae) Allen M. Young Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233 Although the local species density of ithomiine butterflies in tropi¬ cal forests can be high (Brown, 1972), it is generally unusual to find very large adult populations of a single species. However, some ithomiines, such as Hypothyris euclea euclea (Latreille) in Trinidad, have seasonal bursts of synchronous eclosion (Barcant, 1970), which could lead to the sudden appearance of large numbers of adults over a short period of time at a locality. This paper reports the biology of Hypothyris euclea leucania (Bates) (tribe Napeogenini) at one locality in northeastern Costa Rica, and emphasizes that the larvae of this butterfly are gregarious defoliators of Solarium rugosum Dund. (Solanaceae) during the early dry season. The preliminary data on de¬ foliation of this food plant suggests that heavily defoliated plants produce fewer flowers and fruits. Habitat and Methods Clumps of mature S. rugosum create a canopy of about three meters high in young secondary,forest (2-10 years old) at “Finca La Tirimbina”, near La Virgen (220 m elev.), Heredia Province, Costa Rica. The locality is in the Premontane Tropical Wet Forest life zone (Holdridge, 1967). Previous observations revealed that S. rugosum is the food plant of H. euclea at this locality; other food plants have not been found. Therefore, I began studies on the biology of H. euclea in the field and laboratory, using methods of previous studies (e.g., Young, 1974). Most observations were made between January 12 and February 12, 1976, and finally on March 31, 1976. Included in these studies was the estimation of defoliation by counting heavily fed upon) in four large clumps (Patches 1-4). I also counted the number of individuals in each clump bearing flowers or fruits ( Solanum rugosum flowers and sets fruit during January and February, months of erratic dry spells which precede a period of more uniform dryness (March)). The four clumps of S. rugosum were visited a total of eleven days during the period of January 12 to February 12. As little is known about the life cycle of this species, oviposition and early stages were also observed. Results General Biology: Oviposition activity is high during January, and rafts of oblong white eggs are placed on the ventral sides of mature leaves throughout the day (Fig. 1). From January 12 to February 12, The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:104-113. April 1977. VOL. 53, NO. 2, APRIL 1977 105 Fig. 1. Life cycle of Hypothyris euclea leucania. First column, top to bottom: female in oviposition, raft of eggs, first instar caterpillars. Second column: second instar caterpillars and a third instar caterpillar. more than 50 oviposition acts were observed in Patch 2, and of about 5,000 eggs counted in different clumps at various times (4 days) during this period, 70% were found in Patch 2. A raft of eggs has from 40 to 90 eggs, and an egg is deposited at five-second intervals until a raft is completed. During January and February, 73 egg rafts were dis¬ covered in Patch 2. Oviposition by other ithomiines on this plant was not observed during the study period. Four to five days after eggs are 106 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Fig. 2. Life cycle of H. euclea. Left: prepupa and lateral view of pupa; Right: dorsal view of pupa, and freshly-eclosed adult in the field. laid, they produce greenish-yellow translucent larvae with shiny black heads; second instar larvae are dark green, and third instars possess a striped color pattern of light blue, dark gray, and yellow (Fig. 1). The latter color pattern also occurs in the fourth and fifth instars, and a translucent light green prepupa produces a golden pupa (Fig. 2). The adults appear about 22 days later, bearing the familiar orange, yellow, and black “tiger stripe” pattern characteristic of some species in the tribe Napeogenini (Fig. 2). Adults produced from a single cluster of VOL. 53, NO. 2, APRIL 1977 107 eggs may exhibit some color variation within sex (Fig. 3). In north¬ eastern Costa Rica, as in eastern Brazil (Brown and D’Almeida, 1970), Hypothyris is sympatric with several other ithomiine genera at forest edge habitats. Adults are slow fliers of shady forest edge and light gap habitats, where they feed on a variety of resources, including the partly eaten remains of insects, presumably attacked by birds and other small vertebrates (Fig. 3). A distinctive behavioral feature of the larvae is their gregarious habit. Young larvae, recently hatched from an egg raft, stay together on a leaf, but as they grow, they split up into smaller groups on dif¬ ferent mature leaves. Survival from predators and parasites seems high, although short periods of heavy rain often result in large num¬ bers of larvae dying. Gregarious Defoliation: The cluster oviposition habit of H. euc-lea, in which the number of eggs per raft is much higher than for Mechanitis (another ithomiine with gregarious larvae), results in the gregarious larvae becoming severe defoliators (Fig. 4 and 5). The de¬ foliation often results in a “skeleton canopy” (Fig. 6). Food plant clumps with little or no defoliation bear large numbers of flowers and fruits. In fact, in unattacked shrubs, 30 to 60 clusters of healthy fruit occur on each shrub: of a total of 23 shrubs examined, the mean number (and standard deviation) of fruit clusters is 41 _±_ 19.5, and the mean number of fruits per cluster is 32 11.2. Inflores¬ cences are abundant during late January, and green fruits are abun¬ dant by February. Thus, the infestation of H. euclea is intense (January and perhaps earlier) when the S. rugosum population is entering a period of reproduction. In the four widely separated clumps studied, although canopy height and branch density are very similar, clumps of shrubs not heavily defoliated have far more flowers or fruits than individuals in clumps of severe defoliation by H. euclea larvae (Table 1). Although the sample size is small, the four clumps examined are sites where this species is very abundant. While leaf damage is severe in these clumps, by March 31 the H. euclea popula¬ tion had either experienced a severe reduction in size or else dispersed, as very few adults, eggs, and caterpillars were present, and previously attacked shrubs had fresh leaves. During January and February there are probably only two or three overlapping generations present on S. rugosum. Discussion Although it is reported that Mechanitis is the only ithomiine genus exhibiting gregarious behavior of the immature stages (Rathcke and Poole, 1975), it is apparent that Hypothyris also possesses this be- 108 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Fig. 3. Top: a series of laboratory-reared H. euclea (left column — 2 females; right column — male above, female below). Bottom: Hypothyris euclea feeding on the leg of a grasshopper in forest understory, Finca La Tirimbina, Costa Rica, February 1976. havioral trait. In fact, an interesting comparison of the early stages can be made between Hypothyris as a representative of the Napeogenini and Mechanitis as a representative of the Mechanitini. VOL. 53, NO. 2, APRIL 1977 109 Fig. 4. Heavy defoliation of mature leaves of Solanum rugosum by second instar cater¬ pillars of H. euclea at Finca La Tirimbina (January 1976). Fox (1967) has reported the early stages and gregarious larvae of Mechanics. Several differences are noted: (1) the larvae of Hypothyris lack the lateral tubercles and uniform coloration of Mechanitis larvae, (2) egg size and size of egg rafts are larger in Hypothyris than Mechanitis, (3) the pupa of Hypothyris is short and thick in profile, while that of Mechanitis is elongate and thin, and (4) groups of gre¬ garious larvae are considerably larger in Hypothyris than in Mechanitis. Furthermore, Mechanitis lays eggs on the small, heavily-spined species of Solanum (Fox, 1967), differing from S. rugosum, in terms of size, profile, leaf texture, and lack of spines (in S. rugosum). Examinations of about 100 plants of Solanum spp. attacked by Mechanitis isthmia at Finca La Tirimbina during February 1976 (A.M. Young, pers. obs.) revealed that in no instances were individual plants (usually widely scattered) heavily defoliated, and mortality of egg rafts was very high. These biological traits are different from the interaction of H. euclea with S. rugosum at the same locality. It shares with Mechanitis the characteristic of being very abundant locally, unlike most other ithomiines. In addition to biological traits such as cluster oviposition, gregariousness of larvae, and an abundant food 110 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Fig. 5. Defoliation by fourth instar caterpillars of H. euclea. plant, Hypothyris may be experiencing local population expansions, perhaps similar to that noted for Mechanitis in Brazil (Brown and □’Almeida, 1970). The gregarious behavior of the larvae, and the bright coloration of caterpillars and adults, suggest unpalatable properties in this butter¬ fly. The “tiger-stripe” ithomiines are classical unpalatable models for mimicry complexes (Bates, 1862; Muller, 1878; Brown and Neto, 1976), including some species of Hypothyris. Perhaps, in addition to intensifying the advertisement of distaste¬ ful properties to vertebrate predators, cluster oviposition and the gregarious behavior of larvae have important consequences for the food plant. Barcant (1970) reports that H. euclea adults are abundant at certain localities in Trinidad at the wet season’s onset, but that numbers dwindle subsequently. Birch (1957) argues that local climatic factors play major roles in determining the abundance of some insects. A period of prolonged and intense rainfall in the tropics promotes the growth of leaves, while the dry season promotes the flowering and fruiting of some tree species (Janzen, 1967). Thus, by the end of the wet season, the local plant community is characterized by a large leaf biomass, providing a reliable and VOL. 53, NO. 2, APRIL 1977 111 abundant food base for some herbivorous insects. Given other suit¬ able environmental conditions, populations of herbivorous insects might become high by the end of the wet season and early dry season in seasonal tropical habitats. The Premontane Wet Forest life zone in Costa Rica is characterized by alternating bouts of dryness and wet¬ ness, but the longest succession of wet days occurs between October and December, and the longest period of dry days occurs in March. Thus, by early January, many plants may have allocated most of their energy to vegetative growth. For H. euclea on S. rugosum, a wet period resulting in a large potential food base for larvae followed by several short series of dry days that optimize courtship and ovi- position promotes rapid growth of the adult population. The last two weeks of December (1975) were exceptionally dry (Dr. Robert Hunter, personal communication), and these conditions promoted reproduc¬ tive activity in H. euclea and other butterflies. But, during January and February, although there are many days of complete dryness, there are 3-5 day wet periods that promote mass larval mortality and re¬ duced oviposition. Some studies have shown that adult butterflies may even be killed by bursts of intense rainfall (e.g., Cook et al., 1971). Although adults of H. euclea appear to be slow fliers, it seems likely that, if necessary, breeding should extend to all clumps of S. rugosum if the population is resource-limited at this time of the year. However, this does not happen and some clumps escape from heavy defolia¬ tion. I hose clumps that are intensely fed upon show a reduction in fruit set. Solanum rugosum flowers and sets fruit during the short, erratic dry season, as do trees in more seasonal regions of Costa Rica (Janzen, 1967; Frankie et al., 1974). Prior to, and during this period there is intense reproductive activity by the butterfly. The progressive reduction of host leaf biomass due to larval feeding during January Tabie 1. Patterns of heavy leaf attack by caterpillars of Hypothyris euclea and flowering and fruiting in four patches* of Solanum rugosum in premontane tropical wet forest near La Virgen, Heredia Province, Costa Rica, February 12,1976. Patch No. No. trees with flowers/fruits and attacked No. trees with flowers/fruit and not attacked No. trees with no flowers/fruit and attacked No. trees with no flowers/fruit and not attacked 1 0 21 0 7 2 1 3 15 0 3 0 2 4 4 4 0 16 0 5 'The four patches are widely separated along a dirt road that connects Finca La Tirimbina to the Penal Colony at Magasay. Only trees 2-3 meters tall were included in the census, although there were trees less than 2 meters tall that experienced heavy defoliation: Patch No. 1-0, Patch No. 2-8, Patch No. 3-0, Patch No. 4-4. Patches were of similar size, each occupying about 5-6 meters of roadside secondary forest. 112 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Fig. 6. Defoliated bushes of S. rugosum. and February, the specificity to a single host plant, the shift in alloca¬ tion of energy to flowers and fruit, and the mortality of larvae are factors promoting a reduced breeding population of H. euclea by late March. I’ Acknowledgments This study is a by-product of National Science Foundation Grant GB-33060, and a travel grant from the Milwaukee Public Museum. The assistance of Dr. Kenneth Starr of the Milwaukee Public Museum is appreciated. I thank Dr. Lee D. Miller (Allyn Museum of Entomology) for identifying the butterfly, and Sr. Luis Poveda (Museo Nacional de Costa Rica) for identifying the host plant. The cooperation of Dr. J. Robert Hunter for logistical support and facilities at Finca La Tirimbina is appreciated. I thank Cheryl Castelli fortyping the manu¬ script. Literature Cited Barcant, M. 1970. Butterflies of Trinidad and Tobago. London: Collins Press. Bates, H. W. 1862. Contributions to an insect fauna of the Amazon Valley, Lepidoptera: Heliconidae. Trans. Linn. Sci. London 23:495-566. VOL. 53, NO. 2, APRIL 1977 113 Birch, L. C. 1957. The role of weather in determining the distribution and abundance of animals. Cold Spring HarborSymp. Quant. Biol., 22:203-218. Brown, K. S., Jr. 1972. Maximizing daily butterfly counts. J. Lepid. Soc. 26:183-195. Brown, K.A., Jr., and R.F. D’Almeida. 1970. The Ithomiinae of Brazil (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). II. A new genus and species of Ithomiinae with comments on the tribe Dircennini D’Almeida. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 96:1-17. Brown, K. S., Jr., and J. V. Neto. 1976. Predation on aposematic ithomiine butterflies by tanagers (Pipraeidea melanonota). Biotropica 8:136-141. Cook, L. M., K. Frank, and L. P. Brower. 1971. Experiments on the demography oftropical butterflies. 1. Survival rates and density in two species of Parides. Biotropica 3:17-20. Fox, R. M. 1967. A monograph of the Ithomiidae (Lepidoptera), Part III, the tribe Mechanitini Fox. Mem. Amer. Ent. Soc., No. 22,190 pp. Frankie, G. W., H. G. Baker, and P. A. Opler. 1974. Comparative phenological studies of trees in tropical lowland wet and dry forest sites in Costa Rica. J. Ecol. 62:881- 929. Holdridge, L. R. 1967. Life zone ecology. Tropical Sci. Center, San Jose, Costa Rica. Janzen, D. H. 1967. Synchronization of sexual reproduction of trees within the dry season in Central America. Evolution 21:620-637. MUIIer, F. 1878. Uber die Vortheile der Mimicry bei Schmetterlinge. Zool. Orz. 1:54-55. Rathcke, B. J. and R. W. Poole. 1975. Coevolutionary race continues: butterfly larval adaptation to plant trichomes. Science 187:175-176. Young, A. M. 1974. A natural historical account of Oleria zelica pagasa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae) in a Costa Rican mountain rain forest. Studies Neotrop. Fauna 9:123-140. SCIENTIFIC NOTE Biological and Distributional Data for Evergestis angustalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Ever- gestis angustalis (Barnes & McDunnough) is a primarily desert species which flies in winter and early spring and is easily recognized by its exceptionally narrow forewings. The typical subspecies is known from the western Colorado Desert area of southern Cali¬ fornia. Munroe (1973, The Moths of America North of Mexico. Fasc. 13.1 C Pyraloidea, Pyralidae (part). Evergestiinae. pp. 253-304.) indicated that he had seen specimens only from three localities in western Imperial and eastern San Diego counties in the low desert, but, in contradiction, stated that angustalis also occurs in the Mojave-Desert. He also characterized new subspecies from central Arizona and Santa Catalina Island, California. Records in the Essig Museum of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley, provide life history data and show that the species is considerably more widespread, occurring in Baja California Norte and northward into central California. The flight occurs in January and February in southern California and in Arizona, but there is one record each for May and July in Arizona (Munroe, 1973). Adults have been taken at lights elsewhere during early spring: in Baja California Norte, near Santo Domingo and 5 miles east of El Rosario, Mar. 18, 19, 1972 (Doyen & Powell); and in the San Francisco Bay area of California, at Alum Rock Park (near San Jose), Santa Clara Co., Mar. 8, 1960 (S. D. Smith) and at Walnut Creek, Contra Costa Co., Feb. 9, 1972 (J. Powell). Larvae were found feeding in hollow stems of Caulanthus inflatus Wats. (Cruciferae) at Big Panoche Gorge, San Benito-Fresno Co. line, April 21, 1967, and one moth emerged Jan. 23, 1968 (J. Powell no. 67D88). This plant is a desert species which reaches its northern limit in western Fresno County and its southern limit in the Mojave Desert (Munz, 1963, California Flora. U. Calif. Press, Berkeley; 1681 pp). All other collection re¬ cords are outside the known range of Caulanthus inflatus and presumably represent popu¬ lations of E. angustalis associated with other Cruciferae. — J. A. POWELL, University of California, Berkeley 94720. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:113. April 1977. Expanded distribution of earwigs in California (Dermaptera) Robert L. Langston 31 Windsor Ave., Kensington, California 94708 and Scott E. Miller Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California 93105 In continuing studies on the earwigs of California, recent records of Dermaptera are presented, plus older data, either missed or some¬ how not included in current literature. The earwig fauna of California was recently reviewed by Langston and Powell (1975). However, due to paucity of museum specimens and time lag in publication, their distribution in Santa Barbara County (particularly the Channel Islands), and in parts of the San Joaquin Valley were not well represented. The detailed California records indicate the museums and collections where these specimens are on deposit: California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco (CAS); California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento (CDA); California Insect Survey, University of California, Berkeley (CIS); Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Los Angeles (LACM); Merced County Department of Agriculture, Merced (MDA); National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. (NMNH); San Joaquin County Department of Agriculture, Stockton (SJDA); and Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, (SBMNH). Anisolabis maritima (Gene), the maritime earwig Recorded in Orange County in 1921, and there are quarantine records from Los Angeles and San Diego Counties in the 1930’s and 40’s. Searches were made by both authors in southern California with no success. Hence, A maritima should remain as only adventive, or by quarantine south of the San Francisco Bay Area. Additional specimens have been taken at established colonies in Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin and Solano Counties, 1973-1976, but no new locations were found since the detailed records of Langston (1974). Euborellia annulipes (Lucas), the ring-legged earwig The records below are numerous, but detailed data were not in¬ cluded in Langston & Powell (1975). Therefore, old records are given for the offshore islands and for some of those more recent than mapped (op. cit., Map 2). Only one county (Tuolumne) can be con¬ sidered new. California records. — IMPERIAL CO.: Winterhaven, IX-10-70 (R. A. Flock, CDA). LOS The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:114-117. April 1977. VOL. 53, NO. 2, APRIL 1977 115 ANGELES CO.: San Clemente Island, Barracks, Id, VI-24-1971 (D. C. Rentz & D. B. Weiss- man, CAS); Santa Catalina Island, 3 specimens, X-28-31-1908 (O. Marsh, NMNH); Granada Hills, 19, 111-27-1975 (R. Sherman, LACM). MERCED CO.: Atwater, 299, VIII-7-1975 (R. Langston, CAS); Merced, Applegate Park & County Courts Park, several dd & 99- XI-3- 1975 (F. Carl, MDA). SAN JOAQUIN CO.: Lathrop, VI-4-1972, Quarantine from Vietnam (L. S. Hawkins, CDA); Stockton, 19, VII-2-1975 (R. Langston, CAS), 19, 4 juv., VII-8-1975 (R. Langston, SJDA), 19, VII-14-1976 (R. Langston, CAS). SANTA BARBARA CO.: Santa Rosa Island, 19, VI1-12-1939 (LACM). SOLANO CO.: Vallejo, shore of Carquinez Strait, Id, 299, XI-21 -1965, Id, VI-2-1966 (R. Langston, CIS). TUOLUMNE CO.: Sonora, 19, 2 juv., VI11-25-1975 (R. Langston, CAS). Euborellia cincticollis (Gerstaecker), the African earwig Merced and San Joaquin Counties are recorded as new in the data below, representing naturally occurring established populations. California records. — IMPERIAL CO.: 3 mi. NW. of Glamis, 2dd, 299, IV-1972 (A. Hardy & M. Wasbauer, CDA). MERCED CO.: Merced, Id, 399, VIII-4-1975, 19, VIII-7-1975 (R. Lang¬ ston, CAS). SAN JOAQUIN CO.: Holt, Id, XII-20-1971 (L. S. Hawkins, SJDA); 1 mi. E. of Peters, 19, 1 juv., 1-7-1972 (L. S. Hawkins, SJDA). Labidura riparia (Pallas), the shore earwig Kern and Santa Barbara Counties are recorded as new. The Bakers¬ field example is a northerly extension of over 100 miles from the closest Los Angeles County locale. The Montecito specimen is a northwesterly range extension from Malibu in Los Angeles County of about 75 miles. California records. — IMPERIAL CO.: 3 mi. NW. of Glamis, 100 + dd, 99 & juv. at black- light, IX-16-1972 (A. Hardy & M. Wasbauer, CDA), Id, IX-10-1974 (M. Wasbauer & R. McMaster, CDA). KERN CO.: Bakersfield, 1 adult, VII-14-1971 (H. Knipp, P. Martin & T. Tandrow, CDA). LOS ANGELES CO.: Granada Hills, Id, VI-12-1973, Id, 111-18-1975 (R. Sherman, LACM). RIVERSIDE CO.: Carvina Beach, 12 mi. SE. of Mecca, VI1-12-1974 (J. Doyen, CIS). SANTA BARBARA CO.: Montecito, 19, VII-1968 (W.S. Hull, SBMNH). Doru taeniatum (Dohrn) In Langston & Powell (1975) specimens of this species were iden¬ tified as Doru lineare (Eschscholtz, 1822). However, the revision by Brindle (1971) of the genus Doru Burr indicates that the name D. lineare applies to a species which occurs in Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina. The species of Doru which occurs commonly from Bolivia through Central America, and into Mexico and the United States is D. taeniatum (Dohrn, 1862). Gurney (1972) reviews this and the two other North American species of Doru. All records of D. lineare from Central and North America should be referred to D. taeniatum. Despite its abundance in southeastern Arizona and Mexico, this species does not appear to be established in California. Only two additional records were found, one apparently new for San Bernar¬ dino County. California records. — RIVERSIDE CO.: Blythe, Border Quarantine Station, 11-18-1966, Quarantine from Vera Cruz, Mexico (J. M. Donovan, CDA). SAN BERNARDINO CO.: Fon¬ tana, VI-9-1972, Quarantine on Zea mays (Shurtliff & Bengston, CDA). 116 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Forficula auricularia Linnaeus, the European earwig During recent fieldwork on Santa Rosa Island by the SBMNH, F. auricularia has been found to be well established. Localities on the mainland in the Santa Barbara area were mapped as either “quaran¬ tine” or “adventive” (Langston & Powell, 1975, Map 10). Currently it is common on the Santa Barbara-Goleta coastal shelf. Likewise, Hogue (1974) considers the European earwig established in the Los Angeles Basin. However, there are no established records from further south along the coast, and the European earwig is unknown from the Colorado or Mojave Deserts. It is now considered estab¬ lished in Merced County and Santa Rosa Island which were not pre¬ viously recorded. California records. — MERCED CO.: Merced, Applegate Park & County Courts Park, several c?c? & 99, X1-3-1975 (F. Carl, MDA); Merced, 16th & V Sts., 19, VII-6-1976 (R. Langs¬ ton, CAS). SANTA BARBARA CO.: Santa Rosa Island, Arlington Canyon, 2dd, 299, II- 25-1976 (W. G. Abbott & P. W. Collins, SBMNH), 19, 7 juv., IV-22-1976 (S. E. Miller, SBMNH); S. Rosa I., ranch headquarters area, 2dd, 499, 11-24-1976 (Abbott & Collins, SBMNH), 399, IV-23-1976 (Miller, SBMNH); S. Rosa I., Wreck Canyon, 1c?, VII-3-1971 (D. C. Rentz & D. B. Weissman, CAS). Quarantine records of Dermaptera in California In addition to the six foregoing species, four others have been taken in quarantine by the California Department of Food and Agri¬ culture. These have all been determined by Dr. A. B. Gurney, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Labia curvicauda (Motschulsky) [Labiidae: Labiinae] This circumtropical species is essentially cosmopolitan. Published records as cited in Sakai (1970) include the major Ethiopian, Neotropical and Oriental Regions, Africa and most of the Pacific Ocean Islands. Despite its commonly being found worldwide, it has been taken in California only once previously — in 1934 in San Diego by quarantine from Guam. SAN JOAQUIN CO.: Lathrop, V-4-1972, Quarantine from Vietnam (L. S. Hawkins & K. Wright, CDA). Paracosmia toltecus (Scudder) [Forficulidae: Opisthocosmiinae] This species is known from the state of Vera Cruz, Mexico and also Guatemala (Sakai, 1973). SAN DIEGO CO.: Port of San Diego, XI-23-1966, Quarantine from Mexico (C. S. Badman & R. M. Ireland, CDA). Skalistes inopinatus (Burr) [Forficulidae: Forficulinae] Published distribution includes Costa Rica (types), Antigua, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico and Peru (Sakai, 1973). LOS ANGELES CO.: West Los Angeles, 1 adult on leaf of bromeliad, 111-28-1972, Quaran¬ tine from Guatemala(F. Cunningham, CDA). Skalistes vara (Scudder) [Forficulidae: Forficulinae] The type series is from Puebla, Mexico, with the distribution as cited by Sakai (1973) including the states of Mexico, Morelos and many from Puebla. SAN DIEGO CO.: Port of San Diego, XI-23-1966, Quarantine from Mexico (C. S. Badman & R. M. Ireland, CDA). VOL. 53, NO. 2, APRIL 1977 117 Acknowledgments The authors thank Waldo G. Abbot, Paul W. Collins, and the Vail & Vickers Ranch Company for making possible the collection of the Santa Rosa Island specimens, plus Stephen Newswanger (Santa Barbara City College Life Science Museum) for providing a significant Labidura riparia specimen. The help of Alan Hardy (CDA) is appre¬ ciated for use of the department files on additional quarantine inter¬ ceptions, and for examination of specimens. Thanks are extended to the following for studying the material under their care and/or collecting specimens on their own with our encouragement: Kirby W. Brown (SJDA); Frank Carl (MDA); Charles L. Hogue (LACM); and, David C. Rentz (CAS). Literature Cited Brindle, A. 1971. A revision of the genus Doru Burr (Dermaptera, Forficulidae). Papeis Avulsosde Zoologia[Sao Paulo, Brazil], 23:173-196. Gurney, A. B. 1972. Important recent name changes among earwigs of the genus Doru (Dermaptera, Forficulidae). U.S. Dept. Agr. Coop. Econ. Ins. Rpt., 22: 182-185. Hogue, C. L. 1974. The insects of the Los Angeles Basin. Published by the Los Angeles Co. Museum.: 27. Langston, R. L. 1974. The maritime earwig in California (Dermaptera: Carcino- phoridae). Pan-Pac. Entomol., 50: 28-34. Langston, R. L. and Powell, J. A. 1975. The earwigs of California (Order Dermaptera). Bull. Calif. Insect Survey, 20:1-25. Sakai, S. 1970. Dermapterorum catalogus praeliminaris. II: Labiidae. Daito Bunka Univ., Tokyo, 2:1-177. Sakai, S. 1973. Dermapterorum catalogus praeliminaris. VII. Forficulidae. Daito Bunka Univ., Tokyo, 6:1-357. 100 Years Ago In Entomology — 1877 ADOLPHE BOUCARD, Coleopterist — was collecting birds and Coleoptera in Costa Rica. THOMAS LINCOLN CASEY, Coleopterist — was a cadet at West Point. HENRY EDWARDS, Lepidopterist — was an actor in San Francisco, associated with the “California Theatre”. C. R. OSTEN SACKEN, Dipterist — returned to Germany from New York. He returned a large collection of North American Diptera to the Museum of Comparative Zoology. S. W. WILLISTON, Dipterist — was leading an expedition to western Kansas in search of fossil dinosaurs. H. G. HUBBARD and E. A. SCHWARZ, Coleopterists — were collecting on Lake Superior. H. C. FALL, Coleopterist — at age 15 was in public school in Dover New Hampshire. He collected his first beetle this year. W. S. BLATCHLEY, Orthopterist, Hemipterist, Coleopterist — at age 18 was a door to door salesman in Putnam Co., Indiana. W. J. HOLLAND, Lepidopterist — was in Pittsburgh, where he was a pastor of the Belle- field Presbyterian Church, Professorof Ancient Languages and Trustee of the Pennsylvania College for Women. AUGUST BUSCK, Lepidopterist — was a seven year old child in Randers Denmark. J. H. McDUNNOUGH, Lepidopterist — was born this year. Biology of the range crane fly, Tipula simplex Doane (Diptera: Tipulidae) Margaret J. Hartman California State University, Los Angeles and C. Dennis Hynes California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo The range crane fly, Tipula simplex, described by Doane (1901), is a univoltine pest of valued rangeland in the San Joaquin Valley. The larvae live in the grass of unirrigated pastures and when at high density, will eat the grass roots. Tulare County reported outbreaks of the species in 1961, 1967, and 1973. This latest outbreak affected 800 hectares on one rach alone, with a crane fly density of 3000 larvae per square meter. At this high density, the crane fly larvae denude the hills of all grass and other forage, with an adverse effect on the watershed. However, such high densities of crane flies occur only occasionally and ranchers detect no signs of the larvae in intervening years. Since little information on the biology of the species has been reported, this study was undertaken to determine the species’ life history and habits, as necessary prerequisites to understanding the causes of the population fluctuations. This study was conducted on unirrigated pasturelands in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountains in northern Tulare County from October, 1974 through March, 1976, and was supplemented with laboratory rearings and experiments. Habitat In May the soil starts to dry out and by the end of June the soil contains only 0.3% water by weight. By mid summer the soil mois¬ ture has dropped to 0.2% with the temperature one inch below the surface of the soil exceeding 50° Celsius during the day. The first rain usually comes in September (about Vi inch), stimulating the growth of turkey mullein or dove weed ( Eremocarpus setigeras Benth.), vinegar weed or bluecurls ( Trichostema lanceolatum Benth.), and tarweed ( Hemizonia congesta DC.), but the soil dries out almost com¬ pletely before the second rains come (usually in October). After these second rains the forage crops appear, and the soil remains mois¬ tened by periodic rain until April when the rains end, and the soil starts drying out again. Adults and Oviposition The males usually emerge before the females in February or March. When the female adult emerges the male grasps her and sometimes The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:118-123. April 1977. VOL 53, NO. 2, APRIL 1977 119 pulls her out of her pupal case. Copulation occurs immediately, and in the laboratory will continue for 24 hours. When the female is re¬ leased, she walks and pulls her way through grasses in the field until she falls into a depression in the ground. These depressions may be holes caused by loosened clods of soil and rocks, or imprints of cattle hooves. The female will oviposit all her eggs (average 96, S = 28.6) in the soil together, approximately Vi and 3 A inches below the surface. Neither male nor female have been seen feeding. All adults in any one field emerge within athree week period. Eggs The egg is the stage which must survive the harsh summer condi¬ tions of high temperature and low moisture. In the laboratory we were able to induce hatching by drying the eggs for six months at a 16:8 photoperiod, then transferring them to a 10:14 photoperiod. They were kept moist for two weeks, then dry for one week, and then moist again. The hatching rate was 5.2% within one week. Hatching could be induced by this procedure any¬ time in the fall, but not if the alternate wettings and dryings were started in January or later. However, an additional 5% would hatch at age 18 to 21 months old, if the above mentioned wetting and drying regimen was repeated in September of the second year after ovi- position. Eggs are laid in clumps, which makes sampling difficult. Lang (unpublished data) collected 13 samples (11.5 diameter circle, to a depth of 3 A inch). From each sample he took 4 samples of 5 grams each for testing. The number of eggs per 5 gram sample ranged from 0 to 2641, with a mean of 68.48 (S = 174.43). Obviously, sampling for eggs would require a large number of samples to insure that the sample mean is similar to the population mean. Hanson’s equation (1967) allows us to calculate the number of samples necessary to approximate the population mean (n = t 2 se 2 /(x-^) 2 , where n is the number of samples, t is the student T statistics for whatever confi¬ dence level, s.e. is the standard error, (x-m) is the amount of deviation from the true population mean that the investigator will accept. Using Lang’s data, and calculating 95% confidence limits, we can calculate that we must take 48 samples to be 95% sure that the sample mean is within 10% of the true population mean, or 195 samples to be 95% sure that the sample mean is within 5% of the true population mean. Larvae The first instar has never been found in the field. Laboratory rearing of eggs to hatching indicate that the first instar is morphologically different from the other three instars. The second instar larvae show a clumped distribution due to the oviposition habits of the females. By the time the crane flies are third instar larvae, a different pattern of 120 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST aggregation is observed. The crane flies are spread evenly through¬ out the grass, but are highly aggregated under cowpads that are one or more seasons old, under pieces of wood, or under any other debris in the field. For example, in one field, cowpads had 1104 individuals/ meter 2 (S = 513.3) while in the grass the density was 193 individuals/ meter 2 (S = 32.9). The degree of aggregation in part depends upon the dryness of the field. In the very dry winter of 1976 virtually all the crane flies in the field were concentrated under cowpads (2200 larvae/ meter 2 ). The fourth instar larvae retain the aggregated pattern. However, during the late fourth instar (January and February) predation by birds takes a heavy toll. The birds that are most often seen eating the crane fly larvae are blackbirds and starlings, although curlews and meadow¬ larks will also feed on the larvae in years of high crane fly density. The most typical mode of feeding is for the birds to flip over one year old cowpads and feed on the larvae underneath (curlews) or poke their beaks through the cowpad and eat both the larvae which have burrowed into the manure and those which live between the cowpad and the soil (starlings and blackbirds). This predation drastically changes the distribution pattern. The remaining aggregations are located under and around older cowpads which have grasses growing through them, making them less vulnerable to predation by birds. Predation ceases abruptly with pupation of the larvae. When birds turn over a cowpad which has both larvae and pupae under it, they feed only on the larvae. Pupae In one week, the percentage of crane flies in the pupal stage rises dramatically (12% to 82%). Males and females can be easily distin¬ guished at this stage (Hynes and Hartman, in preparation). The pupae make movements in response to light and pressure, but have limited locomotion. The pupal stage is fairly short. The first adults appeared in the field 12 days after the first pupae. Aggregation The aggregation pattern of early second instar larvae is believed to be due to the habit of adult females laying all their eggs in the same place. The second, third, and fourth instar larvae are much more motile than the first instar, and it is not surprising that a change in the distri¬ bution pattern occurs. Laboratory tests were performed in 1974 and 1975 to determine the factors influencing the habitat choice of the older larvae. The test apparatus was a straight tube (30 x 25 x 4 cm) which was divided into two equal halves. Different conditions could be main¬ tained in each side of the tube. Parameters tested were light (0 versus VOL. 53, NO. 2, APRIL 1977 121 5.6 lux) and moisture (0 versus 2 gm water on 12.5 cm diameter filter paper). Tests, when both sides of the cage had identical conditions, indicated that the larvae showed no preference for either side of the cage. When animals were given a choice between a moist and a dry environment, they always spent a significantly greater amount of time in the moist environment. The response to light was more variable. If both sides of the cage were moist the animals spent a sig¬ nificantly greater period of time in the dark. If both sides of the cage were dry, the animals exhibited no preference for light or dark, and moved continually (Table 1). This indicated a kinesis in response to water. Further tests on speed of movement indicated that a larva in a moist artificial environ¬ ment moved at a rate of 0.08 cm/sec and in a dry artificial environment it moved at a rate of 0.16 cm/sec. This was significant using the paired difference test. In a moist environment the number of head- turns that a larva made in a given time was not significantly different than the number of headturns for the same period of time when the animal was in a dry environment. By definition (Denny and Ratner, 1970), the larvae show an orthohydrokinetic response, that is they slow down, but do not increase turning, in the presence of soil mois¬ ture. The response to light was also tested by putting the crane fly larvae into a more natural condition of soil or manure in a cage. Their response to light above and below them was tested. All larvae moved down as light was shined from above (6 tests, 4 larvae/test) and 27 out of 32 larvae moved upward as light was shined from below (8 tests, 4 larvae/test). The difference between the numbers of larvae moving up to escape light versus the numbers of larvae moving down to escape light was not significant (Student’s t test). These results indicate that the crane fly larvae are negatively phototactic, and that their response to light overrides any response to gravity. Table 1. Preference for Conditions of Moisture and Light Test # of larvae tested Conditions in preferred side of maze (A) and mean minutes spent Conditions in non-preferred side of maze (B) and mean mintues spent Mean difference in time spent in two sides A-B 5 5 dry/dark (19) dry/light (11) 8 min N.S. 6 5 wet/dark (25.2) wet/light (4.8) 20.4** 7 5 wet/dark (27.4) dry/dark (2.6) 24.8** 8 5 wet/light (26.2) dry/light (3.8) 22.4** 9 5 wet/light (24.6) dry/dark (5.4) 19.2** 10 5 wet/dark (25.8) dry/light (4.2) 21.6** ** p>.01 122 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Finally, we performed a test to determine if a substance produced by the crane fly larvae affected aggregation. Ten larvae were placed in a cage containing moist filter paper (9 cm diameter) for 24 hours, on which they defecated and left skin traces. This paper containing the excretions of the larvae and moist filter paper were placed in a large cage (9 x 10 x 100 cm) containing a layer of moist sand. A number of fourth instar larvae were then introduced into the cage. After 24 hours, it was found that 94% of the larvae were collected under the filter paper with crane fly extract and 6% were found under the control paper. The aggregation index (Roth and Cohen, 1973) for this crane fly substance is 0.875. (1 is a perfect aggregation). We hypothesize that aggregation of third and fourth instar larvae in the field under cowpads or rotten wood is due to the following factors. The area under the cowpads provides a temperate, moist, dark habitat. When larvae wander into the area, they slow down (orthohydrokinesis). The aggregation pheromone acts either to attract other larvae to this favorable environment, or by decreasing the rate of locomotion helps to retard emigration by larvae that have moved into the area by chance. Distribution Tipula simplex has a known distribution from northern Santa Cruz County north to Marin County, and across to Sacramento (Alexander, 1967). Another population occurs in Tulare County. The area between Sacramento and Tulare counties may contain the fly, but it has not been recorded in the literature or found by us in this area. In southern Tulare County the proportion of Tipula simplex decreases and the pro¬ portion of Tipula acuta Doane increases. In Kern County (south of Tulare), Tipula acuta replaces Tipula simplex. The distribution in fields varies from year to year. In three years we have mapped the areas of crane fly populations on one ranch. In 1974, populations of medium density (100-300 larvae/m 2 ) were found in three fields, LB, SC, and WM and in 1975, very light densities (<50 larvae/m 2 ) were found in the north facing slopes of LCA. In 1976, light densities were found in WM, and medium densities were found in the south facing slopes of LCA, SC, and LC. As a general rule, the same area did not have measureable populations for two consecutive years (an extensive search did not reveal any Tipula simplex larvae). One exception to this was field LCA, but the same area was not infested in the two consecutive years. Density Measurements We have made several attempts to accurately measure the crane fly larval density. The most successful, to date (our estimated mean is calculated within 6.8% of the true population mean at the 95% confi¬ dence limits), involves measuring the number of larvae under 25 cow- VOL. 53, NO. 2, APRIL 1977 123 pads of measured size, the number of larvae in 25 samples of grass of similar size, and then estimating the cowpad coverage (which was determined by the point-centered quarter method) (Cottam & Curtis, 1956). In field LC in 1976, for example, the mean of 25 samples was equivalent to 159.7 larvae/meter 2 cowpads (accuracy 6.8%), 273.3 larvae/meter 2 grass (accuracy 6.8%) and the cowpad coverage was 1.05% (accuracy 6.2%). The estimated average number of larvae/ meter 2 was 272.1, and we are 95% confident that the actual popula¬ tion mean was between 253.6 and 290.6 larvae/meter 2 (based on method of Hanson, 1967). Because this sampling was done after bird predation, the mean density of crane flies under cowpads is lower than the mean density of crane flies in grass. Acknowledgments We gratefully acknowledge the cooperation of the Agricultural Commission of Tulare County and the financial assistance of the J. G. Boswell Company. Literature Cited Alexander, C. P. 1967. The crane flies of California. Bull. Calif. Insect Surv. Vol. 8. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley & Los Angeles. 269 pp. Cottam, G. and J. T. Curtis. 1956. The use of distance measures in phytosociological sampling. Ecol. 37: 451-460. Denny, M. R. and S. C. Ratner. 1970. Comparative psychology. Research in animal behavior. The Dorsey Press, Homewood, Illinois. 869 pp. Doane, R. W. 1901. Descriptions of new Tipulidae. J. Entomol. Soc. 9: 97-127. Hanson, W. R. 1967. Estimating the density of an animal population. J. Res. on Lepidoptera. 6(3): 203-247. Roth, L. M. and S. Cohen. 1973. Aggregation in Blattaria. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 66:1315-1323. SCIENTIFIC NOTE Aphilanthops hispidus as a Predator on Bees (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae).— The genus Aphilanthops includes only four species, two of them known to prey upon queen bees of the Formica fusca group (Evans, 1962, Behaviour, 19: 239-260). It has been assumed that specificity for queen Formica ants distinguished Aphilanthops ethologically from the related genera Clypeadon (prey: worker Pogonomyrmex ants) and Philanthus (prey: bees and wasps). However, Aphilanthops hispidus Fox, a deserticolus species of southwestern U.S. and northwestern Mexico, is a predator on bees. I located a nest of this species on 12 June 1975,16 km W of LaPaz, Baja California Sur. The female was seen bringing bees into a burrow in coarse, flat sand in an arroyo, and the nest was excavated. I failed to find any cells, but I did find 7 paralyzed bees stored in the burrow 30 cm from the entrance, 12 cm below the surface. They belonged to 4 different families: Colletes daleae Cockerell (3dd) (Colletidae), Agapostemon melliventris Cresson (Id)), A. mexicanus Robertson (Id) (Halictidae), Ashmeadiella meliloti Cockerell (19) (Megachilidae), and Epeolus sp. (19) (Anthophoridae). I am indebted to Dr. R. M. Bohart for identifying the wasp and to Dr. G. C. Eickwort for identifying the bees. — HOWARD E. EVANS, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:123. April 1977. New Neotropical Tillomorphini in the genus Tetranodus Lined (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) John A. Chemsak University of California, Berkeley The members of the genus Tetranodus are unique among the New World Tillomorphini by having the males with antennal segments three to six incrassate. Additionally, the small size (3-6 mm in length) and transverse ivory fasciae which extend completely in a single line across the elytra make the species distinctive. Since the genus was reviewed by Chemsak in 1969, additional material representing two new species has become available. Of added significance is the extension of the range of the genus to South America. Previously the group was known only from Texas to Honduras. The authorities of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, and the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, are gratefully acknowledged for the loan of specimens. This study was supported by the National Science Foun¬ dation through Grant GB-BM574. Key to the species of Tetranodus 1. Elytra gibbose at base or with basal punctures coarse, dense, without broad longitudinal spaces between rows of punctures.2 Elytra with basal punctures fine, sparse, arranged in rows separated by broad longitudinal glabrous spaces; color shining black, antennae paler. Length, 4-5 mm. Chiapas, Mexico to Guatemala. reticeps (Bates) 2(1). Elytra gibbose at base, punctures absent or indistinct.3 Elytra not gibbose at base, basal punctures coarse, dense, without broad longi¬ tudinal spaces between rows of punctures.4 3(2). Elytra with basal gibbosities acutely angulate at apices, median eburneous fasciae oblique; color shining dark reddish brown. Length, 5 mm. Panama. . tropipennis, n. sp. Elytra with basal gibbosities rounded at apices, median eburneous fasciae trans¬ verse; head, pronotum and at least part of antennae orange, elytra shining, dark brownish. Length, 5-6 mm. Colombia. xanthocollis, n. sp. 4(2). Elytra behind fasciae separately punctate, not scabrous.5 Elytra behind fasciae deeply, closely punctate, scabrous appearing; color reddish, elytra dark behind ivory fasciae. Length, 4.5 mm. Sinaloa, Mexico. . rugipennis Chemsak 5(4). Pronotum cylindrical, sides not angulate at middle; elytra with basal punctures dense, not linearly arranged; males with segments three to six of antennae strongly incrassate. Length, 3.5-5 mm. Texas to Oxaca, Mexico .. niveicollis Linell Pronotum with sides somewhat expanded, angulate; elytra with basal punctures linearly arranged, lines separated; males with segments three to six slightly expanded. Length, 3-4 mm. Honduras. angullcollis Chemsak Tetranodus tropipennis, new species Male: Form small, cylindrical; integument shining, dark reddish brown. Head reticulate punctate, micro-sculptured, sparsely clothed with long erect hairs; palpi with apices The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:124-125. April 1977. VOL. 53, NO. 2, APRIL 1977 125 strongly dilated; eyes large, pointed behind; antennae about as long as body, segments three to six strongly incrassate, third segment longer than scape, fourth shorter than first, outer segments finely pubescent. Pronotum longer than broad, cylindrical, base broadly constricted; disk longitudinally striate; long erect hairs sparse; basal margin with a band of appressed pubescence; prosternum deeply impressed, transversely rugulose, long erect hairs sparse; mesosternum with a patch of pale appressed pubescence on epi- meron; metasternum sparsely pubescent. Elytra about 2Vi times as long as broad, broader behind middle; base with two elevated, acutely angulate gibbosities; median eburneous fasciae slightly oblique; punctures on basal half very sparse, each bearing a long erect seta, punctures behind middle sparse and setose, much finer and denser on apical one-fourth with setae numerous; apices rounded. Legs sparsely pubescent, tibiae carinate. Abdomen subglabrous, very sparsely punctate and pubescent. Length, 5 mm. Holotype male (University of Michigan) from Boquete, Chiriqui Province, Panama, 8 March, 1923 (F. M. Gaige). The acutely angulate basal gibbosities of the elytra will separate this species from the others. Tetranodus xanthocollis, new species Male: Form small, cylindrical; integument shining, brownish, head, pronotum and most of antennae yellowish-orange. Head reticulate punctate, long, erect hairs sparse; palpi with apices strongly dilated; eyes moderate sized, not acute behind; antennae shorter than body, segments three to six moderately strongly incrassate, third segment longer than scape, fourth shorter than first, basal segments with a few, long, erect hairs, outer segments finely pubescent. Pronotum longer than broad, sides subangulate; disk shal¬ lowly, longitudinally striate, sparsely asperate, each asperite bearing a long erect seta; base constricted; basal margin moderately clothed with short appressed pubescence; prosternum impressed, glabrous, with a few long, erect hairs; mesosternum with epimeron densely white pubescent; metasternum with a patch of appressed pubescence posteriorly at sides. Elytra about 2Vi times as long as broad, slightly broader behind middle; base with two rounded elevated gibbosities; median eburneous fasciae trans¬ verse; basal one-half with a few, seta-bearing punctures, apical one-fourth with numerous small punctures, setae shorter than basal ones; apices rounded. Legs sparsely pube¬ scent, tibiae carinate. Abodmen glabrous. Lengtyh, 5 mm. Female: Form similar. Antennae slender, only first two segments orange, extending to apical one-fourth of elytra. Length, 5-6 mm. Holotype male and allotype (Field Museum of Natural History) and two female para- types from Pozo Colorado, 11 km SW Santa Marta, Magdalena Province, Colombia, 25-30 April, 1968,1-15 May, 1968 (B. Malkin). This species may be recognized by the orange head and pronotum, rounded basal gibbosities of the elytra and the transverse eburneous fasciae. Literature Cited Chemsak, John A. 1969. Records and descriptions of Mexican and Central American Tillomorphini. Pan-Pacific Entomol., 45: 303-317, 8 figs. The Adults of Oroperla barbara (Needham) (Plecoptera: Perlodidae) C.A. Siegfried, P.J. Sheehan and A.W. Knight Hydrobiology Laboratory, Department of Land, Air and Water Resources University of California, Davis 95616 It has been over 40 years since the appearance of the description of the nymph of this unique stonefly with lateral abdominal gills (Needham, 1933). In that time only the adult male has been collected and described (Jewett, 1966). Below is a description of the adult female and the egg of Oroperla barbara. The drawings of the nymphs were made by Penelope Kellar and Adele Hipps, and that of the egg by Kathleen Jevons. In March 1974 live Oroperla nymphs were collected from two N. California locations on the Yuba River (T17N:R12E:S24). The nymphs were maintained in a constant-temperature water bath at ambient temperature ( 6°C) for the first two weeks after capture, after which the temperature was increased about two degrees each week. The nymphs were fed tubifex worms while in captivity. As usual among the Pelcoptera, males preceded females in emer¬ gence. The first male emerged 10 April and the first females at¬ tempted to emerge 26 April although none emerged successfully until 5 May. Emergence was complete by 15 May. We succeeded in rearing 10 males and 4 females, while 2 additional females died dur¬ ing emergence. No other deaths occurred during the rearing process. Fig. 1. Lateral view of male terminal abdominal segments. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:126-128. April 1977. VOL. 53, NO. 2, APRIL 1977 127 Fig. 2. Ventral view of female terminal abdominal segments. The adults mated readily in the laboratory. Our observations of the male coloration agree with the description by Jewett (1966). Observations of 10 males reared in our laboratory, however, did not reveal the sharp bend in the distal third of the epiproct described in Jewett (1966). Instead, the eiprocts of all males examined in our laboratory were smoothly curved anteriorly in the distal third rather than sharply bent posteriorly (Fig. 1). The difference between our specimens and that of Jewett (1966) in shape of the epiprocts cannot be accounted for unless our specimens were some¬ what teneral or Jewett’s was abnormal in the direction of the tip of this structure (S. G. Jewett, personal communication). The latter explanation probably is the case since our specimens were observed mating and some were kept alive as long as two weeks after emerg¬ ing, more than ample time to develop mature genitalia. FEMALE — Length to wing tip, 27mm. Length of body, 220mm. Length of antennae, 16mm. Length of cerci, 14mm. Head capsule width, 5mm. Coloration and gill location as in male (Jewett, 1966). Subgenital plate approaches tip of tergite of ninth abdominal seg¬ ment (Fig. 2). Proximal 2 /z of genital plate triangular, narrowing to about Vz its basal width. Distal Vz slightly longer than wide, with deep U-shaped notch medially. Notch about 1/5 length of genital plate in depth. Genital plate coloration pale, dull yellow, somewhat darker in distal third. 128 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Fig. 3. Lateral view of mature egg. The dark honey-colored eggs were generally oval in shape, about 630/i long and 430/^ wide, with a collar (Fig. 3). The surface was covered with a series of oval indentations. One female mated and laid 209 eggs. The two mature female nymphs that died at emergence contained 492 and 284 eggs. Although all the above individuals were from the Yuba River, nymphs of Oroperla barbara also have been collected from Miller Creek (Jewett, 1966), a tributary of the American River, from the American River itself, and from Indian Creek, Plumas County, Cali¬ fornia (T25N:R11 E:S8) by the authors. Literature Cited Jewett, S. G. 1966. Notes on Arcynopteryx (Oroperla) barbara Needham (Plecoptera). Pan. Pac. Ento. 42:175-177. Needham, J. G. 1933. A stonefly with paired lateral abdominal appendages. Jour. Ento. and Zool. 25:17-19. Revision of the Scarabaeidae:Anomalinae 3. A Key to the Species of Anomala of America North of Mexico (Coleoptera) Robert W. L. Potts California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California Because of a generally close relationship, combined with a remark¬ able variability, Anomala species offer few morphological characters so stable as to furnish easy differentiation between species. Many of the key characters used in the past proved questionable when we examined hundreds of specimens. A species that, in the main, has only one broad elytral interval may have two or three in variant specimens. Species with tridentate protibiae not uncommonly pro¬ duce individuals with no sign of a third tooth. Or, as in the case of a basal tooth on the tarsal claw joint, while the difference does separate the species, the character is impossible to see in most specimens without microscopic dissection. Variation between trans¬ lucent thinly sclerotized and opaque heavily sclerotized specimens of a species is more common than in most coleoptera, the two super¬ ficially appearing as distinct species. Indeed, in one case of partially opaqued sclerotization, the resultant false pattern was the principal character cited for a proposed new species. Nonetheless, species exist and are identifiable, but not often on single, simple characters. Nor are the genitalia helpful. In the Anomalinae many species share a generalized type whose only differences are in size and pro¬ portion, and these are as variable as the external characters. Even in those species where differentiation is possible there is a sufficient variation for a drawing of a single specimen to be quite misleading, and difficult to match. Working with large numbers of specimens of such variable popu¬ lations literally forced a number of compromises in working out the key characters. However, it is believed that while the key may not be altogether conventional, that that is not a drawback. Distribution is sometimes the most positive distinction, as be¬ tween species of the Southeastern, and the Southwestern States, and it also may be positive in the case of relictual species confined to a sharply limited habitat. Size is sometimes a close second as a dis¬ tinguishing feature, but sometimes holds only for average speci¬ mens, so it is normally used only in combination with one or more additional characters. However, size is noted for all species, but more as an easy check against error in the use of the key. In a number of species the color pattern is most distinctive. Description of pattern is not always simple, and this may appear confusing at first, but if com¬ pared character against character with actual specimens, it is usually clearly evident and positive. Finally, in one case, the time of year the two species occur is the simplest and best differentiation. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:129-134. April 1977. 130 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST The key has been as carefully written and tested as possible, with considerable effort being made to describe characters so they may be checked negatively as well as positively, refusing to fit specimens where they do not belong, but, in the aggregate, fitting well enough where they do. However, a certain number of variants will refuse to key at all except, perhaps, on an intuitive basis, or by association with more normal specimens collected at the same time. Key totheSpeciesof Anomalaof America North of Mexico 1. Larger protarsal claws simple or very obscurely cleft, with minor ramus extremely fine, closely appressed; mesotarsal claws simple or sometimes finely cleft.... 2 Larger pro- and mesotarsal claws obviously cleft, minor ramus sometimes quite small but always distinct; uncommonly the mesotarsal claws simple.11 2( 1). Clypeus subquadrate, sides parallel, subparallel or convergent basally, less than twice as wide as long.3 Clypeus subsemicircular or trapezoidal, sides subparallel to divergent basally, more than twice as wide as long.5 3( 2). Pale straw-colored to medium brown, unicolorous or pronotum with dark central macula, elytra narrowly margined darker brown.4 Dark brown; subsutural interval rugose, with few punctures; 11.5 mm; Arizona, Dragoon Mtns.buf/e/7(Howden) 4( 3). Clypeal suture more or less carinate; subsutural interval irregularly uniseriately punctate or impunctate, rarely weakly biseriately punctate; 8-13mm, moderately slender; Colorado and Kansas to Texas and Arizona. cavifrons LeConte Clypeal suture flat or depressed in d, but distinct angle between planes of frons and clypeus may give cariniform appearance, carinate in 9; subsutural interval confusedly multipunctate, rarely strongly biseriate; 13-21mm, heavy-bodied; western Texas to southern Arizona. carinifrons Bates 5( 2). Entirely dark brown to black above, sometimes paler beneath; pronotum may become gradually paler toward lateral margins, but never with distinct light brown band laterally .6 Pale straw to largely brown-black; pronotum with at least lateral margins light brown, in a distinct band.7 6( 5). North Carolina to Florida; 6-8mm; entirely shining black or rarely brown-black; elytral punctation coarse with striae moderately grooved. mendica Casey New Mexico and Arizona; 9-14mm; brown-black; elytra often partly pruinose, especially lateroposteriorly; elytral striae shallow, finely punctate; a narrow band of close-set short setae along carinate edges of abdomen and across propygidium, but this hidden by margins of elytra when properly postioned . castaniceps Bates 7( 5). Pronotum with single central maculaor pairof maculae.8 Pronotum immaculate; elytra often with moderately broad dark margins but vary¬ ing to nearly immaculate; 8.5-11.5mm; lower Colorado River basin, California, Arizona. imperialae Potts 8( 7). North Carolinato Florida, Alabama.9 Texas, middle Rio Grande basin, near Del Rio and Eagle Pass; about 9 mm. .. diabla Potts 9( 8). Pronotum with single macula, sometimes only margins pale.10 Pronotum with pairof small central maculae; 7-8mm (cf. couplet 36). . parvula Burmeister VOL. 53, NO. 2, APRIL 1977 131 10( 9). Elytra straw to pale brown, rarely 3rd and 5th intervals streaked darker brown; pronotal macula variable in size, but if complete to base, enclosing pale area mediobasally; clypeus deeply concave; body pilose beneath; 5-7mm. . semilivida LeConte Elytra with dark brown margins to entirely brown-black; pronotal macula incom¬ plete or complete to basal margin but never enclosing pale area; clypeus broad¬ ly flat, strongly but narrowly reflexed to margins; not more than sparsely or inconspicuously pilose beneath; 5-7mm (cf. couplet 37). minuta Burmeister 11( 1). Mesosternum between mesocoxae concave or flat anteriorly, never rising pos¬ teriorly to more than alow umbo.12 Mesocoxae separated by a distinctly convex to prominent raised mesosternal process, sometimes porrect.13 12(11). Mesocoxae moderately separated, the mesosternal plate between about as broad or broader than a tarsal segment; pronotum often entirely red-brown to black; pygidium sometimes short pilose.16 Mesocoxae narrowly separated, mesosternum between depressed, often concave; pronotum pale brown or with central maculation, very rarely entirely dark; pygidium with only few long hairs.24 13(11). Elytra subcostate or strongly striate but if with more than 10 or 11 apparent striae, then 2 or 3 formed by large, rather than by small punctures; usually smaller, 6-12mm.14 Elytra with 13 to 15 subequal finely punctate grooved striae; often larger, 11-16mm; pronotum with large dark macula and flacate margins, rarely entirely dark; Great Lakes to southern New England, south to Texas and Floridamarg/'nafa(Fabricius) 14(13). Medium brown, varying to uncommonly entirely dull black; labrum visible before clypeus.15 Entirely black, often with greenish metallic luster; labrum not visible before clypeus; elytra laterally with 4 distinctly prominent subequal costate intervals; Florida. robinsoni Potts 15(14). Labrum moderately emarginate, extending only slightly beyond nearly vertical anterior face of clypeus; elytra commonly with 7th and 9th intervals only moderately convex and with a distinct 8th interval between, often for more than half the length of intervals; Great Lakes to New England, south to Kansas and Florida. lucicola (Fabricius) Labrum deeply emarginate, porrect well beyond strongly oblique anterior face of clypeus; elytra commonly with two strongly swollen costate intervals later¬ ally, but 8th interval between often obsolescent, or if distinct, then uncommonly extending for more than a short distance; Great Lakes to New England, south to Tennessee and Florida. oblivia Florn 16(12). Pygidium largely glabrous; elytra with rather finely punctate or impunctate grooved striae; antennal club of d often notably longer than stem.17 Pygidium pilose; elytra with strial series formed by brown or black colored punc¬ tures, these sometimes coalesced into short foveae, most or all striae plane or very slightly grooved; club of d subequal to stem.19 17(16). Brown, or bicolorous pale and dark brown to black, if rarely slightly metallic, with luster confined to head and pronotum.18 Black, pronotum with green or coppery, elytra with green or bluish-green metallic luster, rarely elytra dull; 11-13mm; southern Texas. insitiva Robinson 18(17). Head and pronotum pale straw or head a little darker; ciypeus about twice as wide as long; labrum projecting shelf-like beneath broadly rounded-under anterior face of clypeus; 10-13mm; Arizona, Coconino Co. adscita (Robinson) Head and pronotum red-brown, dark brown, greenish- or brownish-black or black; clypeus more than twice as wide as long; labrum appressed to anterior face of clypeus, not porrect; 8-13mm; Great Lakes and New England south to eastern New Mexico and Florida. flavipennis Burmeister 132 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST 19(16). Protibiae with external tooth.20 Protibiae without external tooth; 6.5-7.5mm; Florida, Highlands Co. .. eximia Potts 20(19). South central Texas to North Dakota, east to New England and Florida.21 Western New Mexico and Arizona; front of head punctorugulose, almost always with scattered larger punctures as well; elytra immaculate, with fine binotate spots or rarely with a little fine streaking, strial punctures discrete or uncom¬ monly somewhat foveate; 9-12mm. ellipsis Casey 21(20). Elytra with strial series 2 and 3, 4 and 5 geminate, formed in part by short foveae, sutural, 6 and sometimes 7 similarly formed; binotate spots rarely developed . 22 Elytra with striae not clearly geminate, colored strial punctures almost always discrete; binotate spots rarely wanting.23 22(21). Lateral margins of elytra with only short dark brown or blackish band from humeral angle, extending only briefly beyond umbone; 8.5-13mm; southern Texas. ... foraminosa Bates Lateral margins of elytra more or less broadly dark brown or blackish from humerus almost to suture; 6-9mm; North Dakota to Indiana, south to Texas and Louisiana. ludoviciana Schaeffer 23(21). Elytra dark red-brown to blackish, concolorous with pronotum or nearly, but often with pale basal area; colored strial punctures and binotate spots more or less hidden by dark coloring; 8-10mm; New Jersey to Florida. umbra Casey Elytral disc often lighter than pronotum but suture and outer margin brown to black, sometimes very broadly so; colored strial punctures sometimes large and dark, almost always with a strong central dark spot on each elytron; 8-12mm; Atlantic States to Great Plains and central Texas. binotata (Gyllenhal) 24(12). Protibiae with external tooth.25 Protibiae lacking external tooth; extremely small, 3.9-4.5mm; Florida, Lake Altapopka. exigua (Schwarz) 25(24). Basal bead of pronotum formed by distinct groove along line proximal to basal margin, entire or briefly interrupted medially.26 Basal bead entirely wanting; labrum porrect before clypeus, deeply emarginate; 11-15mm; New Jersey. dubia (Scopoli) 26(25). Elytra with 5 or 6 slightly grooved striae before humeral umbone, intervals not all nearly equal, with at least subsutural interval much broader and multipunc- tate at least in part.27 Elytra with 6 well grooved striae before umbone, intervals subequal, costate, sub¬ sutural never much broader, never multipunctate; pronotum immaculate to black but often with paired maculae; elytra variable but often with dark fasciate spots or bands; 7-11 mm; New Jersey to Connecticut .... orientalis (Waterhouse) 27(26). Protibiae tridentate or with some angulate indication of 3rd tooth along outer marginal line; elytra often broadly dark margined to almost entirely dark, less commonly varying to immaculate; New Mexico to southern California.28 Protibiae bidentate, outer margin smoothly curved or straight before external tooth; elytra usually narrowly margined, but sometimes spotted or entirely black, Southwestern, Midwestern and Eastern species.30 28(27). Pronotum with single central macula to entirely dark.29 Pronotum commonly with pair of small to large maculae, sometimes immaculate, rarely as a single macula but then often a pale median line partway through; elytra broadly margined, both laterally and at suture, but varying to rarely nar¬ rowly dark at suture only; 6.5-10mm, slender, not much broader behind middle; lower Colorado River basin, California, Arizona. flavilla Bates 29(28). Elytra with only sutural margin narrowly dark brown; 9-12mm, slender to moderate¬ ly robust, subparallel to somewhat cuneate; southern Arizona ... digressa Casey Elytra largely dark brown or brown-black with pale streakings on narrow intervals, rarely with only humeral and umbonal areas dark; 9-13mm, broadest behind middle, robust; southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico. .. nimbosa Casey VOL. 53, NO. 2, APRIL 1977 133 30(27). Clypeus subrectangular, sides parallel or subparallel, less than twice as wide as long; metatibiae shorter than or subequal to femora, no longer than first 4 tarsal segments.31 Clypeus trapezoidal or subsemicircular, sides divergent basally, rarely subparallel, more than twice as wide as long; metatibiae longer than femora, longer than first 4 tarsal segments.35 31(30). Metatibiae not notably obconical, obviously more than twice as long as wide at apex.32 Metatibiae strongly obconical, not more than twice as long as wide at apex; 10mm; Texas. tibialis Schaeffer 32(31). Pronotum immaculate, or with one or two maculae, but these small, never reaching to base.33 Maculation dark brown, strongly contrasting to ground color; single large pronotal macula complete to base; elytra with dark margins strong and complete; ante¬ rior pronotal angles obtuse but distinctly angulate; 7mm; western Texas. . suavis Potts 33(32). Minor protibial claw subequal to larger, divided claw in length; pronotum usually with central macula or pairof maculae.34 Minor protibial claw approximately half as long as larger claw; pronotum immacu¬ late; 5.0-8.5mm; California, Imperial Co., Glamis Sand Dunes. carlsoni Hardy 34(33). Northwestern Arizona and southwestern Utah; pronotum with pair of well-sepa¬ rated small anteromedial maculae, or immaculate; 6.5-9mm. kanei Potts Southeastern New Mexico and western Texas; pronotum usually with single tri¬ angulate anteromedial macula; 6-9mm. antennata Schaeffer 35(30). Atlantic Coast to Great Plains and south-central Texas; pronotum with dark central macula, pair of maculae, or entirely brown or black; elytra broadly margined, immaculate, or with fasciate spots or bands to entirely black.36 Western Texas to southern California; pronotum never entirely dark; elytra never with fasciate spots or bands or entirely black.39 36(35). Pronotum never with paired maculae.37 Pronotum with pairof central maculae, sometimes reduced or faint; 7-8mm; North Carolina to Florida. parvula Burmeister 37(36). Elytra narrowly margined, usually with blackish fasciate spots or bands butvarying from immaculate to entirely black; Minnesota to southern New England, to southcentral Texas and Florida.38 Elytra medium brown with broad darker brown margins, particularly outside humeral umbone, sometimes posterolaterally as well, more uncommonly broad margined to almost extirely dark brown; 5-7mm; Georgia, Florida, and Alabama (cf. couplet 10). minuta Burmeister 38(37). Generally a summer species, June and July; elytra immaculate to spotted, banded or black, nearly always with dark area over apical umbone; head often bicolorous pale brown and blackish; pronotal macula triangulate with waist-like constric¬ tion near anterior margin, uncommonly varying to entirely black; scutellum pale or narrowly dark margined, rarely entirely dark except in black form; 6-9mm. . innuba (Fabricius) Generally a spring species, March to May; elytral maculation similar but never entirely black, and rarely with apical umbonal area dark; head often entirely red-brown, gradually darkening to vertex but not distinctly bicolorous; pronotal macula commonly complete to basal margin, but if not, then broadly rectangu¬ lar, not especially constricted anteriorly nor pointed posteriorly; scutellum nearly always dark or broadly dark margined, with pale median area; 7.5-10.5mm . undulata Melsheimer 39(35). Pronotum with central maculation.40 Pronotum immaculate.45 134 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST 40(39). Pronotum with single central macula, or rarely with macula somewhat divided medially, the division narrow or not complete to anterior margin, or maculae weak.41 Pronotum with well-separated pair of usually quadrate strong maculae; elytra with narrow to broad margins, uncommonly only the suture narrowly margined (cf. couplet 28). flavilla Bates 41(40). Elytra pale to medium brown, very rarely more than narrowly to moderately mar¬ gined, but if broadly marked, then only subsutural interval broad and multipunc- tate.42 Elytra dark brown or brown-black, often with pale streaking on narrow intervals; two orthree intervals broad and multipunctate (cf. couplet 29) .. . nimbosa Casey 42(41). Arizona, Santa Catalina Mtns., Sabino Canyon; 13-17mm; pronotum with central macula, often extended posteriorly as a short line or point but sometimes com¬ plete to basal margin, then enclosing pale area medially; elytral suture narrowly dark margined and sometimes a dark macula over humeral umbone; metatarsi remarkably stout, twice as wide as other tarsi. sabinae Potts Not as described.43 43(42). Elytra without distinct, or with narrow dark lateral margins, sometimes a dark macula over humeral umbone.44 Elytra laterally with short blackish band below humeral umbone, and often again dark around apical angle to suture, or with dark lateral margins complete but fading or narrowing at middle; central pronotal macula often complete to base, enclosing a pale mediobasal area and sometimes a pale anteromedial area also; 8-11 mm; central and southern Arizona. arida Casey 44(43). Pronotum with red-brown central macula complete to base, only lateral margins pale, but sometimes tonal difference not great; elytra with dark sutural margin extending forward to enclose scutellum to base; sutural interval flattened, al¬ most as broad apical ly as basally; 9-12mm; southern Arizona (cf. couplet 29).... . digressa Casey Pronotum with 5-sided dark brown macula, often slightly incised laterally, rarely enlarged and complete to base; elytra with dark sutural margin ending at apex of scutellum or extending only a little around it; sutural interval costate, widest at middle, markedly tapering to apex; metatarsi and maculation quite similar to sabinae, except consistently smaller, 8.5-12.5mm; Arizona, Baboquivari Mtns. to Texas, Davis Mtns. delicata Casey 45(39). California, Imperial Co., Glamis Sand Dunes; elytra with sutural interval only moderately costate anteriorly, flattened posteriorly, dark margin as a thin line at extreme inner edge of suture; head basally of same pale straw hue as pro¬ notum, gradually becoming light red-brown anteriorly; 7-10mm. hardyorum Potts California, Riverside Co., Coachella Valley; elytra with sutural interval distinctly costate, more so posteriorly than anteriorly, dark marginal band occupying at least half of width; head almost unicolorous red-brown, contrasting to straw hue of pronotum; 6.5-10mm (cf. couplet 28). flavilla coachellae Potts Descriptions of the First instar Larvae of Three Species of Epicautine Blister Beetles (Coleoptera: Meloidae)' John D. Pinto Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside 92521 The first instar larvae of Pleuropompha costata (LeConte), Epicauta insignis Horn, and E. corvina (LeConte) are described below. Descrip¬ tions of the two Epicauta at this time will facilitate their comparison with members of the Epicauta maculata Group in a forthcoming mono¬ graph focusing on the latter taxon. Of the two species included in Pleuropompha, only the larva of P. tricostata Werner has been described (MacSwain, 1956). In addition to the description of the larva of the second species, P. costata, a key to species and a discussion of the traits separating Pleuropompha from Epicauta are included. To facilitate species comparisons, descriptions closely follow the terminology and format employed by MacSwain (1956) in his exten¬ sive study of the first instar larvae of the Meloidae. All quantitative data represent means based on five (slide mounted) specimens that emerged from the same egg mass. Where variation was substantial, the range of measurements is given instead of the mean. Roman numerals refer to segment number of the structure specified unless otherwise stated. Exemplars of the species described here will be deposited in the California Academy of Sciences. Pleuropompha costata (LeConte) (Fig. 1) Color. Head, thorax and abdominal segments l-V yellow brown, abdominal segments VI-IX dark brown. Head 0.92 as long as wide, as long as or only slightly shorter than pro- and mesothorax combined; lateral margins gradually narrowing behind middle to dis¬ tinctly emarginate; gula V 2 as long as greatest head width, gular setae Vz-Vz as long as greatest gular width. Antennae. II twice as long as III, two long and one short seta on apex; sensory organ slightly shorter and wider than III; terminal seta short, only % the length of II. Mandibles very slender, with 20 very small, poorly delineated teeth; teeth slightly convex apically; apical mandibular seta slightly longer than basal seta. Maxillary palpi. Ill twice as long as wide, lateral margins curved, widest medially, narrowest apical ly; sensory area of III extending 3/5 the length of segment; papillae of sensory area short, sparse, ca. 35 in number; two-segmented sensory appendix short, its length slightly less than V2 maximum width of II of labial palpi. Labial palpi. I Vz as long as II; II slightly over twice as long as greatest width; only a single seta on II, this seta barely attaining apex of segment. Thorax. Prothorax subequal in length to meso- and metathorax combined; line of 'This study was supported by grants GB-30907 and BMS75-17779 from the National Science Foundation. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:135-141. April 1977. 136 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST dehiscence absent from metanotum. Abdomen. Ten setae in posterior marginal rows on terga l-VIII; spinelike evaginations at base of marginal setae on l-VII short, very poorly sclerotized (Fig. 1), most strongly developed on ll-V; posterior marginal setae on V as long as or only slightly shorter than length of segment; setae of median transverse tergal rows relatively long, those on V Vz as long as longest marginal seta; pleurites ventral, pleurite V as long as wide, spiracle located in lateral half; abdominal spiracle I 4/5 the diameter of mesothoracic spiracle; abdominal spiracles ll-VII equal in diameter, all slightly smaller than I; spiracle VIII smaller than VII; sternum of segments l-VII weakly sclerotized, VII with two medial sclerotized areas larger than those on preceeding segments, each including two setae, areas occasionally joined; segments VIII and IX well sclerotized. Legs with distance from articulation to apex of first coxa less than twice as long as greatest coxal width; anterior femur with seven lanceolate setae; anterior claw with longest seta reaching a point 9/10 the distance from base to apex of claw; claw long, length Va greater than maximum gular width. Body length 2.7 mm, caudal setae 0.8 mm. Remarks. Pleuropompha, a genus questionably distinct from Epi¬ cauta, contains only two species, both occurring in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. The larva of P. tricostata Werner was described by MacSwain (1956). MacSwain believed that Pleuro¬ pompha could be distinguished from Epicauta by the rounded rather than spinelike evaginations at the base of the posterior marginal rows of setae on the abdominal terga. Although difficult to observe under the light microscope, the scanning electron microscope reveals typical spinelike evaginations on segments l-VII in both P. costata and P. tricostata (Figs. 1-3). At present then, we are left without a single larval characteristic to separate these two genera. Only in the adult stage are they easily distinguishable (Werner, 1943; Pinto, 1973). Assuming that the spinelike evaginations are observed, both species of Pleuropompha will run to couplet 16 in MacSwain’s key to Epicauta. The following combination of characters should distinguish them from all known Epicauta: Head capsule emarginate; mandibles extremely slender, with 20 very small teeth; femur with seven lanceolate setae; abdominal seg¬ ments not uniformly colored, VI-IX darker than II and IV; abdominal sterna l-VII incompletely sclerotized; abdominal terga with a posterior marginal row of ten setae, terga l-VII with spinelike evaginations at base of posterior marginal setae relatively short and very poorly sclerotized. The two species of Pleuropompha can be separated by the following key. la Terminal seta of antenna distinctly longer than antennal segment II; II of the labial palpi with two or three long setae; claws relative¬ ly short, length of claw on anterior leg slightly less than great¬ est gular width; setae of median transverse row of abdominal terga short, those on V only 1/5-1/6 as long as longest marginal seta; metathorax and abdominal segments I and II darker in color than I ll-V. P. tricostata VOL. 53, NO. 2, APRIL 1977 137 1b Terminal seta of antenna only ca. 3/4 the length of antennal seg¬ ment II; II of labial palpi with only a single long seta; claws rela¬ tively long, length of claw on anterior leg ca. 1/4 greater than maximum gular width; setae of median transverse row of abdom¬ inal terga long, those on V ca. 1/3 as long as longest marginal seta; metathorax and abdominal segments I and II similar in color to lll-V. P. costata Material studied. Larvae from a mass of 110 eggs; adults collected 7 mi. SE. Deming, New Mexico, VII1-2-1976. Larvae from a mass of undetermined size; adults collected 6.8 mi. S. Apache, Cochise County, Arizona, VI11-5-1972, J.D. Pinto. Quantitative data are based on New Mexico material. Epicauta insignis Horn (Fig. 4) Color. Yellow brown, head slightly darker. Head 0.98 as long as wide, 1/4 shorter than pro- and mesothorax combined; laterial margins moderately to extremely emarginate; gula 1/2 as long as greatest head width, gular setae slightly less than 1/2 as long as greatest gular width. Antennae. II twice the length of III, two long and one short seta on apex, narrowed at base; sensory organ slightly wider and about as long as III; terminal seta 1/2 longer than II. Mandibles moderately robust, with 11-15 apically flattened teeth, 9 teeth visible in outline; apical mandibular seta slightly longer and stouter than basal seta. Maxillary palpi. Ill 3/4 longerthan broad, evenly convex on outer margin, not swollen basally; sensory area of III extending slightly over 1/2 length of segment; papillae of sen¬ sory area short, sparse, ca. 40 in number; two-segmented sensory appendix relatively long, its length 4/5 maximum width of II of labial palpi. Labial palpi. I 1/2 as long as II; II twice as long as greatest width; single seta on II barely attaining apex of segment. Thorax. Prothorax slightly longer than meso- and metathorax combined; line of dehiscence extending full length of pro and mesonotum, indicated at apex of metanotum or not. Abdomen. Ten setae in posterior marginal row on terga l-VIII; spinelike evaginations (Fig. 4) well developed at base of marginal setae on l-VII; evaginations absent at base of median transverse row; posterior marginal setae on V slightly less than 1/2 as long as segment; setae of median transverse row slightly over 1/2 as long as longest marginal seta; pleurites ventral, pleurite V wider than long, spiracle located in lateral half; abdominal spiracle I 2/3 diameter of mesothoracic spiracle, slightly longer than ab¬ dominal spiracle II, remaining spiracles subequal to II; sternum of segments l-VII weakly ceeding segments, each with two setae; segments VIII and IX well sclerotized. Legs. Seven lanceolate setae on anterior femur; anterior claw with longest seta almost reaching apical 9/10 of claw; claw 3/20 longerthan greatest gular width. Body length 1.6mm., caudal setae 0.3mm. Remarks. The larva of E. insignis is most similar to that of E. nigri- tarsis (LeConte), a species placed in Group G by MacSwain (1956) along with E. maculata (Say) and E. pardalis LeConte. A close relation¬ ship between E. insignis and E. nigritarsis is also suggested by adult anatomy (Werner, 1945; Werner et al., 1966). The larvae of both species run to couplet 14 in MacSwain’s key to Epicauta. Differences between the two are as follows. 138 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST VOL. 53, NO. 2, APRIL 1977 139 In E. nigritarsis the sensory papillae on III of the maxillary palpi are relatively dense with ca. 60 in number (not 100 as indicated by MacSwain); in E. insignis only ca. 40 occur. Also, the two-segmented sensory appendix on III of the maxillary palpi is long in E. insignis with a length ca. 4/5 the maximum width of II of the labial palpi; in E. nigritarsis its length is only 1/2 the width of this segment. The two species can also be separated by the spinelike evaginations at the base of the marginal setae on the abdominal terga. In E. nigritarsis they are rather short (no more than 1/5 as long as their associated setae) and only occur on segments l-V. In E. insignis they are longer (up to 1/3 as long as their associated setae) and occur on l-VII. In various species of Epicautina the cuticular reticulae comprising the surface of the abdominal terga are produced into a short spine apically. These are probably serially homologous to the evaginations at the base of the marginal setae. In E. insignis the reticulae on the apical half of abdominal segments l-VII in particular, are strongly spinose (Fig. 4). These spines are easily visible under the light micro¬ scope at 200X. In E. nigritarsis very few of the reticulae are spinose. The spines in this species are also obsolescent and can only be verified under the light microscope at magnifications approaching 500X. Material studied. Larvae from a mass of 257 eggs; adults from Pinery Canyon, Chiricahua Mts., 5000 ft. elev., Cochise County, Arizona, VII-25-1972, J.D. Pinto. Epicauta corvina (LeConte) (Figs. 5-7) Color. Head golden brown; prothorax yellow with a broad, irregular, brown band across middle; mesothorax and abdominal segments l-V yellow, metanotum and abdominal seg¬ ments VI-IX dark brown. Head (Fig. 7). 0.94 as long as wide, slightly longer than pro- and mesothorax combined; lateral margins broadly arcuate to subparallel, not emarginate; gula slightly less than 1/2 greatest head width, gular setae 2/3 as long as maximum gular width. Antennae. II twice the length of III, two long and one short seta at apex; sensory organ slightly wider than III, subequal in length; terminal seta 2/3 longerthan II. Mandibles extremely robust, with 8-9 large, apically acute teeth; 4-5 teeth visible in outline; mandi¬ bular setae well developed, apical seta considerably longer and stouter than basal seta. Maxillary palpi. Ill 3/4 longer than broad, expanded at outer basal margin; sensory area ex¬ tending 2/3 the length of segment; papillae of sensory area moderately long and dense; length of two-segmented sensory appendix slightly more than 1/2 maximum width of II of labial palpi. Labial palpi. I 1/3 as long as II; II twice as long as broad, with a single seta barely attaining apex of segment. Thorax. Prothorax 1/10 longer than meso- and meta¬ thorax combined, almost twice as broad as long; line of dehiscence extending full length of pro-and mesonotum, absent from metanotum; meso- and metanotum with short, robust Figs. 1-5. Scanning electron micrographs of sclerous evaginations at base of posterior marginal setae on abdominal terga of epicautine first instar larvae. Micrographs are of setae on abdominal segment V in E. insignis, and on IV for all other species. 1. Pleuropompha costata, 6000X; 2. P. tricostata, 4000X (short variant); 3. P. tricostata, 4000X (long variant); 4. Epicauta insignis, 1400X; 5. E. corvina, 2000X. Fig. 6. Scanning electron micrograph of abdomen of E. corvina showing sclerous evaginations on both theposterior and medial rows of tergal setae (140X). 140 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Fig. 7. Head (ventral view) of first instar larva of Epicauta corvina. integumental evaginations at base of setae along posterior margin; metanotum also with evaginations at base of two central setae of transverse medial row. Abdomen. Ten setae in posterior marginal row on terga l-VIII; integumental evaginations (Fig. 5) robust, apically truncate, present at base of marginal setae on l-VII; evaginations also well developed at base of median transverse row of setae on l-IV or V (Fig. 6); posterior mar¬ ginal setae on V subequal in length to that of segment; pleurites ventral, pleurite V wider than long, spiracle located in lateral half; abdominal spiracle I 7/10 the diameter of meso- thoracic spiracle, slightly larger than abdominal spiracle II, remaining spiracles subequal to II; sternum of segments l-VII weakly sclerotized; VII slightly better sclerotized than pro¬ ceeding segments, with two medial sclerotized areas each including three (rarely two) setae; segments VIII and IX well sclerotized. Legs. Distance from articulation to apex of first coxa 2 1/2 times as great as greatest coxal width; anterior femur with eight lanceolate setae; anterior claw with longest seta reaching a point 9/10 distance from base to apex of claw; claw length less thanwidth of g ula. Body length 2.7 mm, caudal setae 0.7 mm. Remarks. E. corvina is similar to E. pensylvanica (Degeer) and E. funebris Horn as judged by adult characteristics (Werner, 1945; Wer- VOL. 53, NO. 2, APRIL 1977 141 ner, et al., 1966). These two species as well as E. cinerea (Forster) and E. pestifera Werner (as E. solani Werner) were placed in larval Group B by MacSwain (1956). The larva of E. covina is not easily placed in any of MacSwain’s groups but appears to most resemble B and C. Like species in these groups, E. corvina has cuticular evagina- tions at the base of the transverse median row of setae on theanterior abdominal terga. Also, like E. funebris the head capsule is not emar- ginate. A character shared with members of Group C is the more nor¬ mal (= seven) number of lanceolate setae on each femur. The mandi¬ bles, however, are even more robust than those found in members of groups B and C, and are most similar to those of E. oblita (LeConte) and E. callosa LeConte (Group J). E. corvina is easily distinguished from all described North Ameri¬ can Epicauta by the presence of the extremely robust, truncate eva- ginations associated with the tergal setae (Figs. 5,6). In all other Epicauta these evaginations are spinelike (e.g. Figs. 1-4). E. corvina runs to couplet 5 in MacSwain’s key to Epicauta. The distribution and shape of the integumental evaginations, and the presence of eight lanceolate setae on the femora will easily separate it from all species keyed beyond that point. Material studied. Larvae from a mass of 264 eggs; adults from 1.7 mi. E. Apache,Cochise County, Arizona, IX-5-1970, J.D. Pinto. Acknowledgments I am obliged to Dr. J.A. Chemsak (University of California, Berkeley) for making Dr. J.W. MacSwain’s collection of larvalMeloidae available for study. Figure 7 was prepared by Mr. Carl T. Conley. Technical assistance on the scanning electron microscope was provided by Mr. Jack L. Imbriani. Portions of this study were carried out at the Southwestern Research Station of the American Museum of Natural History, Portal, Arizona (Mr. V.D. Roth, Director). Literature Cited MacSwain, J.W. 1956. A classification of the first instar larvae of the Meloidae (Coleoptera). Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol., 12:1-182. Pinto, J.D. 1973. Sexual behavior in the genus Pleuropompha LeConte: A new mating dis¬ play in blister beetles (Coleoptera: Meloidae). Can. Entomol., 105: 957-969. Werner, F.G. 1943. Revision of the genus Pleuropompha LeConte (Coleop., Meloidae). Psyche, 50: 30-33. Werner, F.G. 1945. A revision of the genus Epicauta in America north of Mexico (Coleop¬ tera: Meloidae). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 95:421-517. Werner, F.G., W.R. Enns and F. H. Parker. 1966. The Meloidae of Arizona. Agr. Exp. Sta. Univ. ArizonaTech. Bull. 175. A new species of the genus Cryptopleurum Muls. from Central America (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae) Ales Smetana Biosystematics Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada Cryptopleurum Mulsant is a rather small genus of the terrestrial hydrophilid beetles belonging to the subfamily Sphaeridiinae, tribe Megasternini. It is almost worldwide distributed (it seems to be miss¬ ing in the Australian region) and includes about 20 species at present. Only 1 species, C. impressum Sharp, has been known from the New World, south of the United States border (Mexico). During my work on the revision of the subfamily Sphaeridiinae of America north of Mexico, I had the opportunbity to study a short series of a new species of this genus from the Panama Canal Zone. This is the first strictly neotropical species of Cryptopleurum. In the following, I present the description of this distinctive new species and a key to the 2 New World species of Cryptopleurum known to occur south of the United States border. Cryptopleurum tenue, new species Rather narrowly oval, convex, shiny; dark rufobrunneous with head darker (except clypeus), elytra gradually becoming paler apically; an indistinct vague darkening of lateral portions of elytra in about basal third present in most specimens; palpi and antennae testaceous; legs darker testaceous with paler tarsi; undersides rufobrunneous with more or less darker, sometimes almost piceous, sterna. Head with extremely fine punctation, intervals between punctures on vertex distinctly larger than diameter of punctures; surface without microsculpture; suture separating clypeus very fine, narrowly interrupted in middle, punctation of clypeus slightly denser. Pronotum transverse, nar¬ rowed in front, punctation sparser and slightly coarser than that on head, surface with¬ out microsculpture. Each elytron with sutural stria and 9 striae; striae 1-5 not at all im¬ pressed in basal half, rather indistinct, represented merely by serial punctures which are only slightly coarser than punctures on intervals; striae gradually becoming slightly im¬ pressed towards elytral apex; in general striae 6 and 7 weak and indistinct; 6th stria rudi¬ mentary, very indistinct and formed only by few punctures, however, not fused with 7th stria; striae 8 and 9 developed as in other species of this genus, but again fine and incon¬ spicuous; intervals with fine and rather sparse punctation, surface without microsculp¬ ture; both strial and interval punctures bearing golden-yellow hairs which gradually be¬ come more distinct towards elytral apex. No secondary sexual characters on 5th visible abdominal sternite. Prosternum finely rugose, subopaque. Mesosternum coarsely and rather densely punctate, no microsculpture between punctures. Elevated middle portion of metasternum not impressed, finely and sparsely punctate; surface without microsculp¬ ture. Aedoeagus and genital segment as in Figs. 4-6. Length 1.25-1.30mm; width 0.75mm. Holotype (male) and allotype (female): “Ft. Clayton C.Z. 1.-21.45” “Pres, by K. E. Frick Collector.” Deposited in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences, San Fran¬ cisco. Paratypes: Id and 19, same data as the holotype. Deposited in the same collection as the holotype, and in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa. Etymology: The specific name is the Latin adjective tenuis, -e (fine); it refers to the fine The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:142-144. April 1977. VOL. 53, NO. 2, APRIL 1977 143 Figs. 1-3. Cryptopleurum impressum. Fig. 1. Tegmen with parameres. Fig. 2. Median lobe, -ig. 3. Genital segment. Figs. 4-6. Cryptopleurum tenue. Fig. 4. Tegmen with parameres. r ig. 5. Median lobe. Fig. 6. Genital segment. 144 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST elytral sculpture and to the relatively narrow and small body shape. Distribution: The species is at present known only from the Panama Canal Zone. It is probably more widely distributed in Central America. Bionomics: Nothing is known about the habits of this species. The species belongs to the impressum group (Smetana, in press); however, it seems to be rather isolated there due to the fact that the 6th and 7th elytral striae are only vaguely developed and inconspi¬ cuous. The species can be distinguished very easily from all New World species of this genus by the very fine and superficial elytral sculpture, and by the indistinct elytral striae 6 and 7 in particular. It cannot be confused with any other New World species. The 2 New World species of Cryptopleurum, occurring south of the United States border, can be distinguished as follows: 1 (2) Elytral striae 6 and 7 distinct. Punctation of elevated middle portion of metasternum moderately coarse and dense. Aedoeagus and genital segment as in Figs. 1-3. Length 1.50- 1.60mm. Mexico and Southern Arizona. C. impressum 2 (1) Elytral striae 6 and 7 indistinct, 6th stria rudimentary, formed only by few punctures. Punctation of elevated middle portion of metasternum fine and sparse. Aedoeagus and genital segment as in Figs. 4-6. Length 1.25-1.30mm. Panama Canal Zone. .C. tenue Literature Cited Smetana, A. Revision of the subfamily Sphaeridiinae of America north of Mexico (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Mem. Ent. Soc. Canada, in press. SCIENTIFIC NOTE Prey Specificity in Clypeadon (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae).— In 1962 (Behaviour, 19: 239-260) I reported that each species of Clypeadon appears to prey upon only one species of harvester ant, sometimes rejecting other species in the close vicinity. The following new records may be of interest. In Larimer Co., Colorado, C. laticinctus (Cresson) appears to prey only on worker Pogonomyrmex occidentalis Cresson (as it does elsewhere), hardly a surprising fact since these are the only members of their respective genera occurring in north central Colorado. At Hasty, Bent Co., in southeastern Colorado, I have taken C. dreisbachi Bohart capturing worker P. rugosus Emery at their nest entrances, thus con¬ firming a similar record from Zacatecas, Mexico. At Tornillo, El Paso Co., Texas, in May 1974, I took a female C. utahensis (Baker) taking workers at a nest entrance of P. californicus (Buckley). This wasp had previously been reported preying upon P. barbatus (Smith) in California. The Texas record is from the eastern extremity of the range of both wasp and prey, and it is possible that in this area C. utahensis replaces the usual predators on P. californicus (e.g. Listropygia bechteli Bohart). I am indebted to Dr. R. M. Bohart for identifying the Clypeadon and to Dr. A. C. Cole for identifying the Pogonomyrmex. —- HOWARD E. EVANS, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:144. April 1977. Elevation of Loxaulus brunneus variety atrior (Kinsey) to full species status (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) D. Charles Dailey Sierra College, 5000 Rocklin Road, Rocklin, CA 95677 Loxaulus brunneus variety atrior (Kinsey, 1922) was originally des¬ cribed in the genus Compsodryoxenus Ashmead as a host restricted form on Quercus (Lepidobalanus)lobata Nee, from Byron, Contra Costa County, California. Weld did not believe Loxaulus brunneus (Ashmead, 1896), a species on Quercus (Protobalanus) chrysolepis Leibmann, would occur on 0. lobata; so he listed L. brunneus var. atrior as a separate entity in the Catalog of the Hymenoptera of North America North of Mexico (R. J. Lyon — personal communication). Of the 501 species names of cynipid gallmakers occuring on oaks listed in the catalog and both supplements (Weld, 1951, 1958, 1967), this is the only one listed as occurring on more than one subgenus of oaks. This deviation from such a distinct biological pattern suggested the separate identity of the two forms. The following indicates it is speci¬ fically distinct from L. brunneus (Ashmead) on 0. chrysolepis. Comparison of the primary types showed variety atrior can be dis¬ tinguished from L. brunneus (Ashmead) by the ventrally diverging inner -ocular margins; rounded occiput; head greater than 1.25 times as wide as high; anteriorly incomplete sculptured notaulicies, which are narrowly separated posteriorly; posteriorly curved rear margin of mesoscutum; weakly ridged, round to oval foveae; conspicuously branched medical propodeal carina; and ventral spine 1.5 to 2.0 times as long as high. Loxaulus brunneus has parallel inner-ocular margins; flattened occiput; head less than 1.25 times as wide as high; com¬ plete non-sculptured notaulicies, separated posteriorly by almost the width of one of the strongly ridged transverse foveae; slightly anteriorly curved rear margin of mesoscutum between notaulicies; numerous propodeal carinae; and ventral spine 2.0 to 2.5 times as long as high. Gall biology — The original records relating to the identity of the gall of L. brunneus (Ashm.) are highly confused. No attempt to resolve this problem is presented, as these species can be readily distin¬ guished by using only morphological differences. Systematics — The original identification label of Kinsey’s type specimen reads, "Comps, atrior HOLOTYPE.” As with much of Kinsey’s work, the imprecisely used term “variety” could have been listed as “host restricted ecological subspecies.” Type designation and deposition — The original description of C. brunneus var. atrior mentions the designation of “Holotype fe¬ males” (plural). There are no records of more than one Holotype specimen other than in the original publication (M. Favereau — The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:145-146. April 1977. 146 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST personal communication). Assuming the listed designation was a typographical and proof reading error, the existing single specimen in the American Museum of Natural History labeled Holotype is accepted as the primary type, and the name atrior raised to full species status. Loxaulus atrior(Kinsey), new combination Distribution — Recorded from Byron, Contra Costa Co., Kinsey; Davis (12 specimens) and 5 mi. West of Madison, (6 specimens) Yolo Co., D. C. Dailey, Q. lobata; Marysville, Yuba Co., D. C. Dailey, 0. lobata, (2 specimens), Folsom Lake, Placer Co., D. C. Dailey, 0. lobata (1 specimen); Pentz, Butte Co., Calif. H. H. Kieffer, Quercus douglasii (new host record, if accurate) IV-16, 1928 (1 specimen). L. atrior prob¬ ably occurs throughout the range of Quercus lobata Nee and possibly Quercus douglassii Hooker and Arnott. Acknowledgments Loan of the Holotype of L. atrior by M. Favereau of the American Museum of Natural History and L. brunneus by Dr. Paul D. Hurd, Jr., of the U.S. National Museum and use of Weld’s notes and personal notes by Mr. Robert J. Lyon of the Los Angeles City College are greatly appreciated. Literature Cited Ashmead, W. H. 1896. Descriptions of New Cynipidous galls and gall wasps in the United States National Museum. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 19:129. Kinsey, A. G. 1922. New and described Cynipidae. Ind. Univ. Studies 53:39. Weld, L. H. 1951. Cynipoidea, in Hymenoptera of North America North of Mexico, Muesebeck, Krombein, and Townes. U.S.D.A., pp. 594-654. 1958. Ibid. Supp. I. 1967. Ibid. Supp. II. Editorial Notice The editors are attempting to put the Pan-Pacific Entomologist back on schedule, however we are having some problems. The typeface we now use takes approximately 20% less space than the former style. This, coupled with several other factors, means we are in desperate need of manuscripts. We always have need for short notes of less than a full printed page, including book reviews of appropriate subjects. A List and New Distributional Records of Pacific Coast Odonata Dennis R. Paulson Washington State Museum, University of Washington, Seattle, 93103 and Rosser W. Garrison Division of Entomology and Parasitology ; University of California, Berkeley, 94720 In the course of considerable field work and examination of insect collections in the Pacific states (Washington, Oregon and California), we have accumulated records of a number of species of Odonata that extend their known ranges. Species lists with little detailed informa¬ tion on distribution were published for California (Smith and Pritchard, 1956) and Washington (Paulson, 1970). Virtually nothing has been written about the Odonata of Oregon since the excellent papers by Kennedy (1915, 1917), which remain the basic references for these states. The following list includes only those records that are the first for a state or that substantially extend the known limits of distribution of a species. Some species were included on the California list by Smith and Pritchard (1956) on the basis of specimens in the University of California, Berkeley, and California Academy of Sciences collections rather than published records (R. F. Smith, in lift. to Paulson, 22 November 1974), and we present herein distributional data for these species. In addition, we question the presence of several species in California. We appreciate greatly the courtesies of the staff of the museums visited: Paul Arnaud and Carolyn Mullinex at the California Academy of Sciences (CAS); Jerry Powell and John Chemsak at the California Insect Survey, University of California, Berkeley (CIS); and Charles Hogue, Julian Donahue and Roy Snelling at the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History (LACM). Specimens in a few other collec¬ tions are cited, and the remainder are in our own collections (DRP, RWG). We have had considerable assistance in the field from the following persons: Mary Lynn Erckmann, Charles Turner, Elisabeth Schaublin, Eileen O’Connor, Paulette Bierzychudek and Cindy Power (DRP); and Jo Allyn Garrison (RWG). All of them made time in the field more pleasant as well as augmenting our collections. CALOPTERYGIDAE Hetaerina americana (Fabricius). CALIFORNIA, Siskiyou Co., Klamath River, 4.4 mi. W Cal. 263 on Cal. 96, 7 July 1974, 2d 39; Shasta River, 4.3 mi. N Yreka, 16 August 1973, 4d 19; 7 July 1974, 4d 39 (all DRP). Previous northernmost record Butte County (Kennedy, 1917). The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:147-160. April 1977. 148 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST LESTIDAE Archilestes grandis (Rambur). CALIFORNIA, north to Ventura Co., Sespe Creek, 4.0 mi. N Fillmore, 4 October 1965, Id (DRP); 24 October 1965, 19 (DRP); Riverside Co., Indio, 5 October 1918, Id (CAS); and Tuolumne Co., near Groveland, 14 August 1954, 2d teneral (CIS). Listed from California by Smith and Pritchard (1956) but no previous records other than those before the confusion between A. grandis and A. californica was terminated (Kennedy, 1915). The record from Tuolumne County, in the foothills of the Sierras, is con¬ siderably northwest of a line drawn through the other northwesternmost records: Wash¬ ington County, Utah (Brown, 1934) and SOUTH DAKOTA, Custer Co., stream 1 mi. W west entrance to Wind Cave National Park on U. S. 385, 4200’, 26 August 1969,1 d (DRP). Lestes congener Hagen. CALIFORNIA, San Diego Co., Cuyamaca Reservoir, 4600’, 21 August 1974, lid (RWG); 24 August 1974, 2d (DRP). Previous southernmost record Santa Clara County (Kennedy, 1917). Lestes dryas Kirby. CALIFORNIA, San Bernardino Co., San Bernardino Mountains, South Fork, 6200’, 30 June 1907, Id (LACM); Barton Flats, 26 June 1936,19; 1 July 1936,19 (both CAS). Previous southernmost record Tuolumne County (Kennedy, 1917). COENAGRIONIDAE Amphiagrion abbreviatum (Selys). CALIFORNIA, San Diego Co., Laguna Mountains, 18 June 1938 (LACM). Previous southernmost record Fresno County (Kennedy, 1917). The species has not been recorded from Mexico, but there are numerous specimens from Baja California (DRP, CAS, CIS). Anomalagrion hastatum (Say). CALIFORNIA, Imperial Co., canal 8 mi. E Holtville, 1 September 1967,19; ditches near Imperial Dam, 23 August 1974, 4d 59 (both DRP). Known from the United States as far west as Reeves County, Texas (Johnson, 1972) and in western Mexico as far north as 15.6 mi. WNW Guasave turnoff oh Mex. 15, SINALOA (DRP) but not from Sonora or Baja California. Thus this is a considerable northwestward range extension. Argia agrioides Calvert. CALIFORNIA, many specimens and localities north to Siskiyou Co., Shasta River, 4.3 mi. N Yreka, 16 August 1973, 2d (DRP). This species, described from Baja California (Calvert, 1895), has long been confused with A. nahuana. Gloyd (1958) adequately differentiated the two species but stated that agrioides was confined to Baja California. Subsequently she has examined many California specimens (determinations in LACM and CAS) and confirmed specimens taken by Garrison in Arizona (in lift, to Garrison, 13 February 1977). Argia emma Kennedy. OREGON, specimens from Douglas, Jackson, Josephine and Lake Counties (DRP). Previously recorded from Washington and California (Kennedy, 1915,1917). Argia lugens (Hagen). OREGON, Josephine Co., Rough and Ready Creek, 5 mi. S Cave Junction, 13 August 1971, Id (DRP). Previous northernmost record Butte County, California (Kennedy, 1917). Argia nahuana Calvert. CALIFORNIA, Siskiyou Co., Shasta River, 4.3 mi. N Yreka, 16 August 1973, 3d (DRP). Previous northernmost record difficult to determine, as Kennedy (1917) confused this species and A. agrioides, but his northernmost record of the combined species was from Butte County. Paulson has taken agrioides at five localities and nahuana at 14 localities in California with much overlap in distribution and co¬ existence at three sites. Enallagma anna Williamson. OREGON, Lake Co., 1.0 mi. N Summer Lake, 15 August 1974, Id; Paisley, 15 August 1974, 2d; CALIFORNIA, Lassen Co., 15.0 mi. N Susanville, 12 September 1967, Id; Long Valley Creek, 7.3 mi. SE Doyle, 24 August 1973, 9d 79 (all DRP); Plumas Co., Bucks Lake, 1 July 1949, Id 19 (CIS); Inyo Co., Big Pine, 13 August 1955, Id; 4.6 mi. S Big Pine, 21 June 1973, lid 59 (all DRP). Westernmost records for this species, which was recorded from California by Smith and Pritchard (1956) with no further locality records. VOL. 53, NO. 2, APRIL 1977 149 Enallagma basidens Calvert. CALIFORNIA, Imperial Co., ditches near Imperial Dam, 23 August 1974, 5d 19 (DRP). Originally described from Texas (Calvert, 1902), this species has undergone a dramatic range extension during the past 40 years (Montgomery, 1966), extending its distribution widely into the eastern states. It has been recorded previously as far west as Arizona (Johnson, 1972), and its spread toward the west has doubtless been possible by the increase in irrigation. Enallagma civile (Hagen). CALIFORNIA, many localities through the southern part of the state north to Butte Co., Bidwell City Park by Big Chico Creek, Chico, 14 June 1975, 3d (RWG); Solano Co., 5.0 mi. W Vacaville, 18 October 1975,14d 89 (RWG); and San Francisco Co., San Francisco, 27 September 1963, 2d (CAS). Listed by Smith and Pritchard (1956), but we have been unable to find a specific locality record in the literature. As it is now common in areas at which Kennedy (1917) collected but did not find it, it must be spread¬ ing into and within the state. It is one of the most characteristic species of disturbed habitats — irrigation ditches, reservoirs, cattle tanks — in the Southwest and should continue to increase with human modification of the entire area. Enallagma clausum Morse. OREGON, Lake Co., Lake Abert, 15 August 1974, 2d 29; CALIFORNIA, several localities west to Siskiyou Co., Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge, 8 July 1974, 2d; and south to Inyo Co., Little Lake, 20 June 1973, 23d 69 (all DRP). These are westernmost records for this species, which was known from Yakima County, Washington (Kennedy, 1915) and California (Smith and Pritchard, 1956) with no specific locality records. Ischnura barberi Currie. CALIFORNIA, numerous localities north to San Bernardino Co., Saratoga Springs, 10-12 July 1953, Id (LACM); and west to Orange Co., Newport Bay, 5-7 September 1971, 9d 89 (DRP). Included in the key to California Ischnura by Smith and Pritchard (1956) but California not indicated in their account of its distribution. Ischnura denticollis (Burmeister). OREGON, Lake Co., 1.0 mi. N Summer Lake, 15 August 1974, 4d (DRP). Previous northernmost record Butte County, California (Kennedy, 1917). Ischnura perparva Hagen. CALIFORNIA, San Diego Co., San Diego, 10 August 1916, 19 (CAS). Previous southernmost record Tulare County (Kennedy, 1917). Nehalennia irene (Hagen). CALIFORNIA, Lassen Co., Silver Lake, 26 July 1973, 69 (CAS). Closest known records Chelan County, Washington (Paulson, 1970) and Weston County, Wyoming (Bick and Hornuff, 1972). We consider the record from Santa Clara County, California (Seemann, 1927) very unlikely on ecological grounds. Telebasis salva (Hagen). CALIFORNIA, Butte Co., Bidwell City Park by Big Chico Creek, Chico, 14 June 1975, Id (RWG). Previous northernmost record Yuba County (Kennedy, 1917). Amphiagrion abbreviatum was also taken at the same locality, the first recorded instance of sympatry between these red species. T. salva occurs at low elevations in the Coast Range and Sierra Nevada foothills, while A. abbreviatum normally occurs at higher elevations in the Sierra Nevada and outlying southern California ranges. Chico, at 200’ elevation, is considerably lower than Kennedy’s (1917) record from Coulterville (1740’). Zoniagrion exclamationis (Selys). CALIFORNIA, Humboldt Co., Orick, 4 June 1931, 19. (CAS). Previous northernmost record Butte County (Kennedy, 1917). PETALURIDAE Tanypteryx hageni (Selys). CALIFORNIA, Napa Co., Samuel Spring, 13 May 1956, Id (Univ. California, Davis); and above Pope Creek, 1 mi. W Lake Berryessa (near Samuel Spring), 30 May 1967, 3d (R. W. Cruden). These are the southernmost localities in the Coast Range for this locally distributed species. AESHNIDAE Aeshna canadensis Walker. WASHINGTON, Mason Co., Long Marsh, 5.2 mi. SW and 3.7 150 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST mi. N Belfair, 24 August 1971, Id; also several localities in Snohomish County (all DRP). Known from only the Spokane area in the state previously (Paulson, 1970), the present records the first from west of the Cascades in the Pacific states. Also recorded from southwestern British Columbia (Walker, 1958). Aeshna constricta Say. WASHINGTON, Clark Co., pond just E Woodland, 10 August 1974, 19; also from Douglas, Klickitat and Yakima Counties (all DRP). Known previously from only the Spokane area in this state (Paulson, 1970); the Woodland record is the first from west of the Cascades. Unlike other northern Aeshna that occur in western Washing¬ ton, this one is lacking from southwestern British Columbia (Walker, 1958), and the Columbia River rather than the Fraser River has probably provided it a route through the Cascades. Aeshna eremita Scudder. WASHINGTON, Snohomish Co., near Monroe, 17 September 1974, 2d (DRP). Only previous record in Pacific states from Pend Oreille County (Paulson, 1970). As in A. canadensis, this species also occurs in southwestern British Columbia (Walker, 1958) but was otherwise unknown west of the Cascades. Aeshna juncea (Linnaeus). OREGON, Clackamas Co., Still Creek Campground, 1 mi. SE Government Camp, 3800’, 26 July 1973, Id (RWG). Previous southernmost record King County, Washington (Paulson, 1970). Calvert’s (1895) record from California probably refers to some other species of this group, perhaps A. interrupta. Aeshna palmata Hagen. CALIFORNIA, San Diego Co., Indian Canyon, 20 July 1948, Id CIS). Previous southernmost record Santa Clara County (Kennedy, 1917). This record is surprising, as palmata is otherwise known from ponds at higher elevations, desert water¬ courses east of the Sierras and streams in the northern part of the state, and there has been considerable collecting in southern California with no additional records. Probably all extralimital records of well-known species based on single specimens should be treated with caution when assessing the distributional patterns of these species. Aeshna tuberculifera Walker. WASHINGTON, Stevens Co., Hande Creek, 1.0 mi. S and 0.6 mi. W Middleport, 22 July 1973, Id; Twin Lake, SW of Middleport, 24 July 1973, 19 (both DRP). Previously known in the Pacific states from a single locality in western Washington (Paulson, 1970), this species was not expected east of the Cascades as it has not been reported from between the Great Lakes and Vancouver Island (Walker, 1958). The present records indicate the hiatus in its distribution may be more apparent than real. Aeshna umbrosa Walker. CALIFORNIA, Sonoma Co., Annapolis, 23 September 1962, Id (CAS); and Tulare Co., Sequoia National Park, near Tharp’s Log, 1.5 mi. E Giant Forest, 6700’, 27 July 1972, Id (RWG). Previous southernmost record Tehama County (Roback and Westfall, 1967). The first locality furnishes the only known instance of sympatry between this species and A. walkeri, although their ranges overlap to some extent. Likewise, it is the only record of umbrosa away from the northeastern part of the state. See comments under A. paimata. Aeshna walkeri Kennedy. OREGON, Lake Co., Crooked Creek, 5.0 mi. S Valley Falls, 15 August 1974, 9d 19 (DRP). Previous northernmost record Santa Clara County, California (Kennedy, 1917). The published records indicate a Coast-Range distribution, but in addition the species is locally common along the west side of the Sierras, whence we have specimens from Amador, Calaveras, El Dorado, Mariposa, Shasta and Tuolumne Counties. Kennedy (1917:587) listed A. palmata from the ‘‘colder streams of the Sierras,” but we have found only walkeri on streams on the west slope. Both species were taken together on 16 August 1973 at the Shasta River, 4.3 mi. N Yreka, Siskiyou County (DRP). Anax walsinghami McLachlan. CALIFORNIA, Shasta Co., Cayton, 19 July 1918, Id (CAS). This is another surprising peripheral record, as the species is characteristic of the Sonoran region, the previous northernmost record being from Orange County (Seemann, 1927). Other species in the CAS taken at Cayton include Amphiagrion abbreviatum, Argia vivida*, Ischnura cervula*, Aeshna multicolor*, Ophiogomphus morrisoni, Cordulegaster dorsalis, Lepthemis collocata*, Leucorrhinia intacta and Sympetrum corruptum*, a mixture of mostly wide-ranging species. Those marked with an asterisk are known to occur with walsinghami farther south. Some support for the record is furnished by the occurrence of this species at an intervening locality, Del Puerto Canyon in Stanislaus County (RWG). VOL 53, NO. 2, APRIL 1977 151 GOMPHIDAE Erpetogomphus compositus Hagen. WASHINGTON, Grant Co., Crab Creek, 7 mi. NW Othello, 3-6 August 1972, 2d; Benton Co., Yakima River, 9 mi. N Benton City, 16-17 August 1971, Id 19 (all DRP). Listed for Oregon with no locality by Calvert (1905), the northern¬ most specific locality Butte County, California (Kennedy, 1917). Gomphus olivaceus Selys. WASHINGTON, localities in Grant, Yakima and Benton Counties, from 10 July to 17 August (all DRP). Recorded from British Columbia (Walker, 1958) and California (Kennedy, 1917), this species had not been taken definitely in Washington at the time of compilation of the state list (Paulson, 1970). Kennedy (1917: 554) noted that exuviae reported by Needham (1904) from Seattle, King County, as G. sobrinus( = G. kurilis) are actually olivaceus, and Needham’s illustration matches olivaceus better than kurilis, but we consider this record unlikely enough on ecological grounds to suggest that it not be given credence until confirmed. Gomphus plagiatus Selys. CALIFORNIA, Imperial Co., Winterhaven, 5 September 1965, 3d; 1 September 1967, 2d 19; canal 8 mi. E Holtville, 5 September 1965, Id, 1 September 1967, Id 29 (all DRP). This species, recorded west to Texas by Needham and Westfall (1955), occurs west through southern New Mexico and Arizona into the southeastern corner of California and in northern Mexico at NUEVO LEON, Rio Las Lajas at Mex. 40, 2 mi. N China, 24 June 1965, 19 (DRP). California specimens are very much paler, both in intensity of color and extent of markings, than those from Florida, and central Texas specimens are intermediate in color between the two extremes. Material from California has the anterior pale areas of the thorax broadly confluent with the pale collar and keys to G. olivaceus in Needham and Westfall (1955). Western specimens also differ in size from Florida ones. Hind-wing lengths in millimeters of mature males are as follows, with the mean, range and number of specimens measured in order for each population sample: Florida — 35.3, 35-36 (7); Texas — 32.8, 32-34 (4); California — 32.6, 31-34 (7). Ophiogomphus bison Selys. OREGON, Douglas Co., 10 mi. S Roseburg, 22 June 1960, 19 (CAS). Previous northernmost record Butte County, California (Kennedy, 1917). Ophiogomphus severus Hagen. OREGON, Lake Co., Crooked Creek, 5.0 mi. S Valley Falls, 4500’, 15 August 1974, 19 (DRP); CALIFORNIA, Modoc Co., Warner Mountains, 6 mi. E Fandango Pass, 20 July 1974, 19 (RWG). Previous southernmost record Umatilla County, Oregon (Kennedy, 1915). Progomphus borealis McLachlan. CALIFORNIA, Napa Co., Pope Creek by Pope Creek Rd., 3.8 mi. W jet. Berryessa-Knoxville Rd., W of Lake Berryessa, 20 April 1975, 1 larva (RWG); Inyo Co., just S of Lower Haiwee Reservoir, 18 July 1961, Id (DRP); end of Five Bridges Rd., 3 mi. N Bishop, 17 July 1973, Id (RWG). These records are the farthest north in the Coast Range and the first east of the Sierra Nevada, respectively. Kennedy (1917) suggested that it did not occur immediately east of the Sierras, and La Rivers (1940,1941) did not record it from Nevada. The original record from Oregon (Selys, 1873) has not been confirmed, but its occurrence in that state is likely, as it is common at Chico, Butte County, California (Kennedy, 1917; RWG). CORDULEGASTRIDAE Cordulegaster dorsalis Hagen. WASHINGTON, Klickitat Co., Brooks Memorial State Park, 11 August 1974, Id 19; Asotin Co., canyon above Grande Ronde River, 2.5 mi. W Wash. 129, 28 August 1975, Id (all DRP). No definite previous locality record in Wash¬ ington (Paulson, 1970) but to be expected widely in light of its occurrence in southern British Columbia (Walker, 1958) and western Montana (Bick and Hornuff, 1974). CORDULIIDAE Epitheca canis McLachlan. WASHINGTON, King Co., 1 mi. S Duvall, 31 May 1969, 4d 39 (DRP). This species was not known from any definite locality in this state, although 152 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST recorded from “Washington Territory” by Muttkowski (1910). Somatochlora albicincta (Burmeister). OREGON, Klamath Co., Winema National Forest, Johnson Meadow on Forest Rd. 2519, 23 July 1973, Id 1 ; Lane Co., Campers Lake, by Ore. 242, 5 mi. SW McKenzie Pass, 4700’, 24 July 1973, 9 d (both RWG); CALIFORNIA, Shasta Co., Summit Lake, Lassen Park, August 1952, 19 (CAS); Plumas Co., 0.5 mi. W Bucks Summit, 4 mi. SW Meadow Valley, 5000’, 20 July 1973, Id (RWG). Previously unknown south of the Washington Cascades. Somatochlora walshi Scudder. WASHINGTON, Kittitas Co., lake at Hyak, 2500’, 12 August 1975, Id (DRP). Previously known only from Stevens County in northeastern Washington (Paulson, 1970) but expected in the Cascades from its occurrence in south¬ western British Columbia (Walker, 1958). LIBELLULIDAE Leucorrhinia glacialis Hagen. WASHINGTON, Pend Oreille Co., Frater Lake, 6 mi. SW Tiger, 3400’, 22 July 1973, 7d 29; Okanogan Co., Summit Lake on Mt. Hull, 4300’, 2 July 1976, Id; Kittitas Co., lake at Hyak, 2500’, 12 August 1975, 8d (all DRP). These records, from the northeast corner, Okanogan highlands and central Cascades, respectively, are the first for the state, as the previous record (Paulson, 1970) was based on the misidenti- fication of a female L. intacta. Thus L. glacialis is not known from the western lowlands as indicated in that paper. It occurs in the Sierra Nevada (Kennedy, 1917) but is not yet recorded from Oregon. Libellula croceipennis Selys. CALIFORNIA, Inyo Co., Antelope Spring, N of Cal. 168, 6 July 1974, 19 (RWG); Riverside Co., Riverside, 6 September 1938, Id (LACM); Whitewater, 9 September 1935, 19 (LACM); San Diego Co., Vallecito, 16 September 1945, Id 19 (LACM); Indian Canyon, 26 July 1948, 3d (CIS). Previously known north to Baja California and Oklahoma but not from Arizona or New Mexico (Needham and Westfall, 1955), it has subsequently been taken in Maricopa, Pima and Yavapai Counties in Arizona (RWG). The Inyo County record is well north of the other known localities. Libellula julia Uhler. CALIFORNIA, Siskiyou Co., Castle Lake, 6000’, 5 August 1953, Id; Tehama Co., Wilson Lake, 26 June 1960, Id (both CAS). Previously unrecorded south of Washington. Libellula luctuosa Burmeister. CALIFORNIA, numerous localities north to Siskiyou County and west to Napa County, 8 June to 18 August (RWG, DRP, CAS, CIS, LACM). Surprisingly, this species has not been recorded from the state before although listed by Smith and Pritchard (1956). Certainly it was not observed by Kennedy (1917) in his travels through central California. This indicates relatively recent invasion of the state, although the presence of a very distinctive population of this species centered around theColorado River of California and Arizona (Garrison, 1976) may indicate long occupancy of that area. Libellula nodisticta Hagen. OREGON, Lake Co., Lake Abert, NE side, 16 July 1974, Id (RWG). Previous northernmost record Butte County, California (Kennedy, 1917). Libellula saturata Uhler. OREGON, Josephine Co., Williams Creek, 0.6 mi. NE Provolt on Ore. 238, 6 July 1974, Id; pond at Provolt, 6 July 1974, 2d (all DRP). Previous northern¬ most record Tehama County, California (Roback and Westfall, 1967). Macrodiplax balteata (Hagen). CALIFORNIA, Riverside Co., Salton Sea State Park near Mecca, 23 July 1961, Id (Michigan State University); Whitewater River near Salton Sea, 22 August 1974, 19 (DRP). The published distribution of this species along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts from North Carolina to Florida and in the West Indies (Needham and Westfall, 1955) and Venezuela (R&cenis, 1953) furnishes no hint that it would occur in California. However, we have specimens from North Beach, Mazatlan, SINALOA, 31 August 1965 (DRP); San Felipe, BAJA CALIFORNIA, 31 October 1965 (DRP); and Graham, Maricopa and Yuma Counties, ARIZONA (RWG), indicating a much wider distribution. In addition, DRP saw a male at an aguada 8.8 mi. N Muna, YUCATAN, on 8 July 1965, indicating a probable distribution around the Gulf and Caribbean side of Middle America. M. balteata isprimarily coastal and occurs at brackish ponds, which are not much visited by collectors of Odonata. VOL 53, NO. 2, APRIL 1977 153 Orthemis ferruginea (Fabricius). CALIFORNIA, numerous localities north to Los Angeles and Riverside Counties, 18 April to 13 November (DRP, CAS, LACM). This is another of the species listed by Smith and Pritchard (1956) from California with no actual localities. It has been recorded as far north as Washington County, Utah (Musser, 1962), and there are two males from Indian Springs, Clark County, NEVADA, collected 25-26 May 1940 (CAS, CIS), a first record from that state. Paltothemis lineatipes Karsch. CALIFORNIA, Madera Co., Big Sandy Flat, 15 July 1946, Id (CAS). In addition DRP saw a male and a female on 18 August 1974 at a locality still farther north, Calaveritas Creek, 3.1 mi. SE San Andreas, Calaveras County. Previous northernmost record San Bernardino County (Needham, 1904). Pantala flavescens (Fabricius). CALIFORNIA, Inyo Co., Little Lake, 3100', 11 September 1967, Id (DRP). Also specimens from Los Angeles, Riverside and Imperial Counties (DRP, LACM). This species has been listed for California from at least the time of Muttkowski (1910), but we can find no specific locality records in the literature. Pantala hymenaea (Say). WASHINGTON, Benton Co., Yakima River, 9 mi. N Benton City, 12 July 1971, 19; 16 August 1971, 19 (both DRP). In addition DRP has seen individuals at the following localities: WASHINGTON, Snohomish Co., slough 1 mi. E Cathcart, 10 August 1971; OREGON, Marion Co., north side of Santiam River at 1-5, 13 June 1973; Josephine Co., pond at Provolt, 6 July 1974. Previous northernmost record Tuolumne County, California (Ahrens, 1938). This species is locally abundant in California and probably breeds in Washington, as the 16 August specimen listed above was quite young. It has probably increased greatly in recent years with irrigation of the Central Valley of California, as Kennedy (1917) listed it from only a single locality in central California, where it was uncommon. Perithemis intensa Kirby. CALIFORNIA, Los Angeles Co., Wilson’s Lake, Pasadena, 21 July 1900, 19; Riverside Co., Blythe, 30 July 1935,19, 12 August 1938, Id (all LACM). Only previous record from California in Imperial County (Dunkle, 1975). Sympetrum illotum (Hagen). WASHINGTON, Klickitat Co., pond 10.2 mi. S Brooks Memorial State Park on U.S. 97, 11 August 1974, 3d (DRP); Yakima Co., 6.8 mi. NW White Swan, 3 July 1972, Id (Washington State University). Previously known in Washington from only west of the Cascades (Paulson, 1970). A male from IDAHO, Shoshone Co., Wallace, 9 July 1938 (LACM) furnishes a first state record and considerable eastward range extension. Northern Idaho has much in common biogeographically with western Washington, and this record further supports the association. Sympetrum internum Montgomery. WASHINGTON, Snohomish Co., Cedar Ponds Lake, 700’, 17 September 1974, Id; Whatcom Co., Silver Lake, 3 mi. N Maple Falls, 750’, 26 September 1974, Id (both DRP). Previously unknown west of the Cascades in Washington (Paulson, 1970) but recorded from southwestern British Columbia (Whitehouse, 1941). Tramea onusta Hagen. CALIFORNIA, Inyo Co., Little Lake, 3100’, 20 June 1973, Id (DRP). Previous northernmost record Los Angeles County (Calvert, 1906). Deletions from California List The following species have been reported from California in the literature but have not been convincingly documented, although a few of them may yet be found within its boundaries. Most are listed for the state by Smith and Pritchard (1956). No specimens from California of any of these species have been found in several major collections (University of Florida, Minter Westfall; and University of Michigan, Leonora Gloyd, both in lift, to Paulson; as well as the CAS, CIS and LACM). 154 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST CALOPTERYGIDAE Calopteryx maculata (Beauvois). First listed for the state by Calvert (1895) on the basis of a CAS specimen from “California.” The species otherwise is known from eastern North America west to Manitoba and Texas with an isolated population in Montana and is unlikely to occur naturally in California (Johnson, 1974). LESTIDAE Lestes alacer Hagen. We have found no other reference to this species in California and are unable to trace the source of Smith and Pritchard’s (1956) listing of it. It is a Middle American species, known from Texas, New Mexico and Arizona in the United States (Needham and Heywood, 1929). COENAGRIONIDAE Ischnura ramburi (Selys). Agrion defixum Hagen (1861), described from “northern California,” was declared a synonym of /. ramburi by Calvert (1895), and this has been the basis of the subsequent listing of this species from California by other authors (Muttkowski, 1910; Smith and Pritchard, 1956). The species occurs in southern Baja California (Calvert, 1895) and in Sonora (DRP) but is not known from the United States west of Texas other than Hagen’s (1861) record. It seems highly unlikely to occur in northern California if in the state at all. AESHNIDAE Aeshna constricta Say. This species, listed from California and Baja California by Calvert (1895,1905), was thought to occur widely in the West until Walker’s (1912) revision of the genus, in which it was made clear that western records referred to A. palmata and A. umbrosa. Subsequently, Kennedy (1917) described A. walkeri, which is the species that occurs in Baja California (CAS), and Paulson (1970) listed the first records of the redefined constricta from the Pacific states. Although Needham and Westfall (1955) and Smith and Pritchard (1956) continued to list it from California, we can find no definite records. Aeshna verticalis Hagen. This species was listed from California by Calvert (1895) before Walker (1912) showed that western records of it should be attributed to A. interrupta. Ahrens (1938) again recorded it from California, this time from two specimens from Yosemite National Park. DRP has examined one of these (Dog Lake, 22 July 1936) in the collection of the park and found it to be A. interrupta. Thus there is no evidence that the eastern A. verticalis occurs west of Minnesota and Iowa (Needham and Westfall, 1955). Gynacantha nervosa Rambur. This species has been listed from California by most faunal list compilers since Calvert (1905) cited a record from “California.” G. nervosa is a tropical dragonfly, not known from elsewhere along the Mexico-United States border nor even from Baja California, and there is no typical breeding habitat (forest swamp) for it in California. If the specimens listed by Calvert were really from this state they could have been wanderers or wind-blown individuals from much farther south, but we would prefer to delete it from the state list until further evidence of its occurrence is at hand. Triacanthagyna trifida (Rambur). This species parallels the preceding one in its history in California; although Smith and Pritchard (1956) did not actually list it, they illustrated its wings and presumably meant to do so. Since Calvert’s (1905) original record, Williamson (1923) showed that T. trifida itself is restricted to the West Indies and south¬ eastern United States, the similar T. caribbea, T. ditzleri and T. satyrus occurring on the Middle American mainland, whence any California individuals should originate. All of these species are unlikely to occur in California, based on the argument presented under G. nervosa. VOL. 53, NO. 2, APRIL 1977 155 GOMPHIDAE Progomphus obscurus (Rambur). Although the California species of Progomphus was correctly listed as P. borealis by Smith and Pritchard (1956), other authors as recently as Needham and Westfall (1955) continued to list P. obscurus from the state. The latter is an eastern species, and there is no recent record of it from west of Texas. Probably the Oregon, Wyoming and Baja California records in Needham and Westfall (1955) all refer to borealis. M ACROMIIDAE Macromia pacifica Hagen. This species was recorded from California by Williamson (1900), with no further data. The record was questioned by Needham and Westfall (1955) and Smith and Pritchard (1956), and the species should be deleted from the state list until further evidence is forthcoming. It has been recorded from Nevada (La Rivers, 1941) but is otherwise unknown west of Kansas and Texas (Needham and Westfall, 1955). Macromia are notoriously difficult to determine, and Cruden (1969) has questioned the identification of specimens of Cordulegaster from Nevada by La Rivers in the same paper. Macromia magnifica, which occurs widely in the West, is quite variable (Paulson, ms.). LIBELLULIDAE Dythemis velox Hagen. This species was listed from California by Muttkowski (1910). Ris (1916) subsequently showed that the name velox as previously used was a composite of four species, all of which occur at least as far north as northern Mexico. No member of this genus has been taken subsequently in California, although D. nigrescens and D. sterilis occur in Baja California. Until further evidence is at hand, no species of Dythemis should be considered a member of the odonate fauna of the state. Erythrodiplax funerea (Hagen). This species is the only one on the “deletion list” actually represented by a specimen with specific locality data, in this case “Lagomito” (probably Lagunita), Stanford University Campus, Santa Clara County (Calvert, 1906). We suggest the record is in error, as the nearest known populations occur in southern Arizona and Sonora, Mexico (Needham and Westfall, 1955). As discussed under G. nervosa, it is possible this individual was a wanderer or windblown, but there has been no further evidence to indicate E. funerea as a resident of the state. Lepthemis simplicicollis (Say). Both Needham and Westfall (1955) and Smith and Pritchard (1956) list this species from California, probably based on the listing of the "subspecies” collocata from the state by various authors (e.g., Muttkowski, 1910). Gloyd (1958) showed that collocata and simplicicollis are distinct species, occurring sympatrically in west Texas and easily distinguishable in the hand. There is no evidence that simpli¬ cicollis occurs west of the Great Plains (Paulson, 1970). Walker and Corbet (1975) persisted in using the name simplicicollis for British Columbia populations, although they acknowledged the question as open. Subsequently, Robert Cannings has examined all of the specimens of this genus collected in British Columbia and determined them as collocata (in lift., 12 July 1976). Pseudoleon superbus (Hagen). First listed by Muttkowski (1910) for California, there is no further evidence of its occurrence. The confusion about this species, as well as others previously discussed, may have come about by the labelling of specimens from Baja California as merely “California.” Discussion Table 1 lists all the species of Odonata believed by us to occur in the three Pacific states. Names of species, where they differ from 156 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST TABLE 1 List of the Odonata of the Pacific States CALOPTERYGIDAE Calopteryx aequabilis Hetaerina americana LESTIDAE Archilestes californica A. grand is Lestes congener L. disjunct us L. dry as L. stultus L. unguiculatus COENAGRIONIDAE Amphiagrion abbreviatum Anomalagrion hastatum Argia agrioides A. alberta A. emma A. hinei A. luge ns A. moesta A. nahuana A. sedula A. vivida Coenagrion resolutum Enallagma anna E. basidens E. boreale E. carunculatum E. civile E. clausum E. cyathigerum E. ebrium E. praevarum Ischnura barberi I. cervula I. denticollis I. erratica I. gemina I. perparva Nehalennia irene Telebasis salva Zoniagrion exclamationis PETALURIDAE Tanypteryx hageni AESHNIDAE Aeshna californica A. canadensis A. constricts A. eremita A. interrupt a A. juncea A. multicolor A. palmata A. tuberculifera A. umbrosa A. walked An ax j uni us A. walsinghami Wash. Ore. x x X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Calif. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X VOL. 53, NO. 2, APRIL 1977 157 TABLE 1 (cont’d.) List of the Odonata of the Pacific States Wash. Ore. Calif GOMPHIDAE Erpetogomphus compositus E. lampropeltis Gomphus graslinellus G. intricat us G. kurilis G. oiivaceus G. plagiatus Octogomphus specularis Ophiogomphus bison O. morrisoni O. occidentis O. severus Progomphus borealis CORDULEGASTRI DAE Cordulegaster dorsalis MACROMIIDAE Macromia magnifica CORDULIIDAE Cordulia shurtleffi Epitheca canis E. spinigera Somatochlora albicincta S. minor S. semicircularis S. watshi LIBELLULIDAE Brachymesia furcata Brechmorhoga mendax Lepthemis collocata Leucorrhinia glacialis L. hudsonica L. intacta L. proxima Libellula comanche L. com posit a L. croceipennis L. forensis L. julia L. luctuosa L. lydia L. nodisticta L. pulchella L. quadrimaculata L. saturata L. suborn at a Macrodiplax balteata Orthemis ferruginea Pachydiplax longipennis Paltothemis lineatipes Pantala flavescens P. hymenaea Perithemis intensa Sympetrum corruptum S. costiferum S. danae x xx x x x x xx x xx x x xx x x x x x xx x xx X X X XX X X X XX X XX X X X XX X X XX X X X X XX X X X XX X XX X X X X X X X X X X X X XX X X X XX X XX X X X X X X X X X X X XX X X XX X XX X XX 158 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST TABLE 1 (cont’d.) List of the Odonata of the Pacific States Wash. Ore. Calif. S. illotum S. internum S. madidum S. obtrusum S. occidentale S. pallipes S. vicinum Tramea iacerata T. on usta x x X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X TOTAL SPECIES 70 62 102 common usage in the literature, are based on information to be dis¬ cussed elsewhere (Paulson, ms.). Oregon remains relatively terra incognita, as indicated by the nine species recorded from Washington and California but not in between. Most of these gaps (all but Nehalennia irene) have been filled in by the work of Schuh (1936) in his unpublished thesis on the Odonata of Oregon, but we have left this work entirely uncited pending examination of his specimens. That this paper adds to the knowledge of the distribution of 55 of the 113 species (49%) of Odonata that occur in these states is indicative of the primitive state of distributional knowledge for these states; the same is true for most of the West. However, it is clear that not only were/are there gaps in distribution to be filled in by further collecting, but also some species are actively extending their ranges. The only differences we have been able to document are those between the time of Kennedy (1915, 1917) and our own observations, but some of these are marked. The following species have certainly spread in the Pacific states since Kennedy’s time: Enallagma civile, Libellula luctuosa, Pantala hymenaea and Tramea Iacerata. The last species, not discussed above, was not reported from Washington by Kennedy (1915) but now occurs in areas he studied intensively in Yakima County and is abundant in the Columbia Basin (Paulson, 1970, and further observations). All of these changes are probably consequences of human alteration of the landscape, in particular damming and irrigating. These activities furnish standing water in great quantities, and some odonates, in particular the opportunistic Pantala and Tramea, are rapid colonizers. A group of species first reported from southeastern California herein is more difficult to analyze. This group includes Anomalagrion hastatum, Enallagma basidens, Gomphus plagiatus and Macrodiplax balteata. All these species are associated with irrigation water, and VOL. 53, NO. 2, APRIL 1977 159 they may be present because of the extensive modification of the Colorado River valley. Two alternative hypotheses are less satis¬ factory to us: that the species formerly occurred at the Colorado River itself or that the new records are attributable to insufficient collecting in the past. Many species of odonates have become rare or extinct locally in the Pacific states because of human activities: damming or polluting rivers, draining marshes, introduction of predators such as trout or foulers such as carp. Happily, we can find no evidence of any severe contractions of ranges of any species in this region, although one species, Ischnura gemina of the San Francisco Bay area, has remained poorly known and may be on the verge of extinction. We have concentrated considerable effort along the northern border of Washington and the southern and eastern borders of California, where we would expect peripheral species to occur. Based on their known distributions very few additional species might occur in these border areas. Otherwise, we believe the present list is reasonably complete and is a good indication of the diversity of the odonate fauna in this region. Literature Cited Ahrens, C. 1938. A list of dragonflies taken during the summer of 1936 in western United States. (Odonata). Entomol. News, 49: 9-16. Bick, G. H., and L. E. Hornuff. 1972. Odonata collected in Wyoming, South Dakota, and Nebraska. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 74:1-8. Bick, G. H., and L. E. Hornuff. 1974. New records of Odonata from Montana and Colorado. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 76: 90-93. Brown, C. J. D. 1934. A preliminary list of Utah Odonata. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., No. 291:1-17. Calvert, P. P. 1895. The Odonata of Baja California, Mexico. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (2), 4: 463-558. Calvert, P. P. 1901-1908. Biologia Centrali-Americana. Vol. 50: Neuroptera. Porter & Dulau & Co., 420 pp. Cruden, R. W. 1969. A new species of Cordulegaster from the Great Basin region of the United States (Odonata: Cordulegasteridae). Pan-Pacific Entomol. 45:126-132. Dunkle, S. W. 1975. New records of North American anisopterous dragonflies. Fla. Entomol., 58:117-119. Garrison, R. W. 1976. Multivariate analysis of geographic variation in Libellula luctuosa Burmeister (Odonata: Libel I u lidae). Pan-Pacific Entomol., 52:181-203. Gloyd, L. K. 1958. The dragonfly fauna of the Big Bend region of Trans-Pecos Texas. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., No. 593:1-23. Hagen, H. A. 1861. Synopsis of the Neuroptera of North America. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 347 pp. Johnson, C. 1972. The damselflies (Zygoptera) of Texas. Bull. Fla. State Mus., Biol. Sci., 16:55-128. Johnson, C. 1974. Taxonomic keys and distributional patterns for Nearctic species of Calopteryx damselflies. Fla. Entomol., 57: 231-248. Kennedy, C. H. 1915. Notes on the life history and ecology of the dragonflies (Odonata) of Washington and Oregon. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 49:259-345. Kennedy, C. H. 1917. Notes on the life history and ecology of the dragonflies (Odonata) of central California and Nevada. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 52: 483-635. 160 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST La Rivers, I. 1940. A preliminary synopsis of the dragonflies of Nevada. Pan-Pacific Entomol., 16:111-123. La Rivers, I. 1941. Additions to the list of Nevada dragonflies. Entomol. News, 52: 126- 130, 155-157. Montgomery, B. E. 1966. Distribution of Odonata, pp. 348-349, in Chandler, L., The origin and composition of the insect fauna, Chapt. 20, Natural Features of Indiana, Indiana Acad. Sci. Musser, R. J. 1962. Dragonfly nymphs of Utah (Odonata: Anisoptera). Univ. Utah Biol. Ser., 12:1-66. Muttkowski, R. A. 1910. Catalogue of the Odonata of North America. Bull. Publ. Mus. Milwaukee, 1:1-207. Needham, J. G. 1904. New dragon-fly nymphs in the United States National Museum. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 27: 685-720. Needham, J. G. and H. B. Heywood. 1929. A handbook of the dragonflies of North America. Charles C. Thomas, 378 pp. Needham, J. G. and M. J. Westfall, Jr. 1955. A manual of the dragonflies of North America (Anisoptera). Univ. California Press, 615 pp. Paulson, D. R. 1970. A list of the Odonata of Washington with additions to and deletions from the state list. Pan-Pacific Entomol., 46:194-198. R&cenis, J. 1953. Contribucion al estudio de los Odonata de Venezuela. An. Univ. Centr. Venez., 35:31-96. Ris, F. 1909-1919. Libellulines. Cat. Systematique et Descriptif des Coll. Zool. Edm. de Selys Longchamps, Fasc. 9-16, pp. 1-1278. Roback, S. S., and M. J. Westfall, Jr. 1967. New records of Odonata nymphs from the United States and Canada with water quality data. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 93:101-124. Schuh, J. 1936. A contribution to the knowledge of the Odonata of Oregon. Unpubl. M. S. thesis, Oregon State University. Seemann, T. M. 1927. Dragonflies, mayflies and stoneflies of southern California. J. Entomol. Zool. Pomona Coll., 19:1-69. Selys Longchamps, E. de. 1873. Troisiemes additions au Synopsis des Gomphines. Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg. (2) 35: 732-774. Smith, R. F., and A. E. Pritchard. 1956. Odonata, pp. 106-153 in Usinger, R. L., ed., Aquatic Insects of California. Univ. California Press, 508 pp. Walker, E. M. 1912. The North American dragonflies of the genus Aeshna. Univ. Toronto Stud., Biol. Ser., No. 11:1-213. Walker, E. M. 1958. The Odonata of Canada and Alaska. Vol. 2. Univ. Toronto Press, 318 PP- Walker, E. M. and P. S. Corbet. 1975. The Odonata of Canada and Alaska. Vol. 3. Univ. Toronto Press, 307 pp. Whitehouse, F. C. 1941. British Columbia dragonflies (Odonata), with notes on distri¬ bution and habits. Amer. Midland Nat., 26: 488-557. Williamson, E. B. 1900. The dragonflies of Indiana. Indiana Dept. Geol. & Nat. Res., 24th Ann. Report: 229-333. Williamson, E. B. 1923. Notes on American species of Triacanthagyna and Gynacantha. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., No. 9:1-80. January issue mailed June 23,1977 THE PAN PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Information for Contributors Papers on the systematic and biological phases of entomology are favored, including short notes or articles up to ten printed pages, on insect taxonomy, morphology, behavior, life history, and distribution. Excess pagination must be approved and will be charged to the author. Papers are published after acceptance in approximately the order that they are received. Papers of less than a printed page will be published as space is available, in Scientific Notes. All manuscripts will be reviewed before acceptance. Manuscripts for publication, proofs, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the editor. General. — The metric system is to be used exclusively in manuscripts, except when citing label data on type material, or in direct quotations when cited as such. Equivalents in other systems may be placed in parentheses following the metric, i.e. “1370 m (4500 ft) elevation”. Typing. — Two copies of each manuscript must be submitted (original and one xerox copy or two xerox copies are suitable). All manuscripts must be type-written, double-spaced throughout, with ample margins, and be on bond paper or an equivalent weight. Carbon copies or copies on paper larger than 814 x 11 inches are not acceptable. Underscore only where italics are intended in the body of the text. Numberall pages consecutively and put authors name on each sheet. References to footnotes in text should be numbered consecutively. Footnotes must be typed on a separate sheet. Manuscripts with extensive corrections or revisions will be returned to the author for retyping. First Page. — The page preceding the text of the manuscript must include (1) the complete title, (2) the order and family in parentheses, (3) the author’s name or names, (4) the institution with city and state or the authors home city and state if not affiliated (5) the complete name and address to which proof is to be sent. Names and descriptions of organisms. — The first mention of a plant or animal should include the full scientific name with the author of a zoological name not abbreviated. Do not abbreviate generic names. Descriptions of taxa should be in telegraphic style. The International code of Zoological Nomenclature must be followed. Tables. — Tables are expensive and should be kept to a minimum. Each table should be prepared as a line drawing ortyped on a separate page with heading at top and footnotes below. Number tables with Arabic numerals. Number footnotes consecu¬ tively for each table. Use only horizontal rules. Extensive use of tabular material requiring typesetting may result in increased charges to the author. Illustrations. — No extra charge is made for the line drawings or halftones. Submit only photographs on glossy paper and original drawings. Authors must plan their illustrations for reduction to the dimension of the printed page (105 x 175 mm; 4-1/8 x 6-3/4 inches). If possible, allowance should be made for the legend to be placed beneath the illustration. Photographs should not be less than the width of the printed page. Photographs should be mounted on stiff card stock, and bear the illustration number on the face. Loose photographs or drawings which need mounting and/or numbering are not acceptable. Photographs to be placed together should be trimmed and abut when mounted. Drawings should be in India Ink, or equivalent, and at least twice as large as the printed illustration. Excessively large illustrations are awkward to handle and may be damaged in transit. It is recommended that a metric scale be placed on the drawing or the magnification of the printed illustration be stated in the legend where applicable. Arrange figures to use space efficiently. Lettering should reduce to no less than 1mm. On the back of each illustration should be stated (1) the title of the paper, (2) the author’s complete name and address, and (3) whether he wishes the illustration returned to him. Illustrations not specifically requested will be destroyed. Improperly prepared illustrations will be returned to the author for correction prior to acceptance of the manuscript. Figure legends. — Legends should be typewritten double-spaced on separate pages headed EXPLANATION OF FIGURES and placed following LITERATURE CITED. Do not attach legends to illustrations. References. — All citations in text, e.g., Essig (1926) or (Essig 1958), must be listed alphabetically under LITERATURE CITED in the following format: Essig, E.O. 1926. A butterfly migration. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 2:211-212. Essig, E.O. 1958. Insects and mites of western North America. Rev. ed. The Macmillan Co., New York, 1050 pp. Abbreviations for titles of journals should follow the list of Biological Abstracts, 1966, 47(21 ):8585-8601. For Scientific Notes the citations to articles will appear within the text, i.e.. .. “Essig (1926, Pan Pac. Entomol., 2:211-212) noted . ..”. Proofs, reprints, and abstracts. — Proofs and forms for the abstract and reprint order will be sent to authors. Major changes in proof will be charged to the author. Proof returned to the editor without the abstract will not be published. Page charges. — All regular papers of one to ten printed pages are charged at the rate of $18.00 per page. Private investigators or authors without institutional or grant funds may apply to the society for a grant to cover a portion of the page charges, in no case will society grants subsidize more than two thirds of the cost of page charges. Individuals receiving a society subsidy thus will be billed a minimum of $6.00 per page. Pages additional to the first ten are charged at the rate of $30.00 per page, without subsidy. Page charges are in addition to the charge for reprints and do not include the possible charges for extra pagination or the costs for excessive changes after the manuscript has been sent to the printer. Reprint costs. — Current charges for reprints are approximately as listed below. These charges are subject to change, and authors will be billed at the rate in effect at the time of publication. 1-2pp 214-4 pp 414-8 pp 814-12 pp 1214-16 pp 1st 100 22.00 32.00 40.00 70.00 75.00 Additional 100’s 12.00 18.00 25.00 35.00 40.00 PUBLICATIONS OF THE PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PROCEEDINGS OF THE PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Vol. 1 (16 numbers, 179 pages) and Vol. 2 (numbers 1-9, 131 pages). 1901-1930. Price $5.00 per volume. PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST. Vol. 1 (1924) to Vol. 51 (1975), price $10.00 per volume of 4 numbers, or $2.50 per single issue. Vol. 52 (1976) and subsequent issues, $15.00 per volume or $3.75 per single issue. MEMOIR SERIES. Volume 1. The Sucking Lice by G. F. Ferris. 320 pages. Pub¬ lished October 1951. Price $6.00 (Plus 35c postage.)* Volume 2. The Spider Mite Family Tetranychidae by A. Earl Pritchard and Edward W. Baker. 472 pages. Published July 1955. Price $10.00 (Plus 50c postage.)* Volume 3. Revisionary Studies in the Nearctic Decticinae by David C. Rentz and James D. Birchim. 173 pages. Published July 1968. Price $4.00. (Plus 25c postage.)* Volume 4. Autobiography of an Entomologist by Robert L. Usinger. 343 pages. Published August 1972. Price $15.00. (Plus 40c postage.)* Volume 5. Revision of the Millipede Family Andrognathidae in the Nearctic Region by Michael R. Gardner. 61 pages. Published January 21,1975. Price $3.00. (Plus 25c postage.)* *(Add 6 % sales tax on all California orders (resident of Alameda, Contra Costaand San Francisco counties add 6 V 2 %). Members of the Society will receive a 20% discount) Send orders to: Pacific Coast Entomological Society c/o California Academy of Sciences Golden Gate Park San Francisco, California 94118